Vascular System Flashcards
Subclavian Artery Branches
- vertebral
- internal thoracic
- pericardiophrenic
- (rami perforantes)
- (ant intercostales)
- musculophrenic
- sup epigastric
- post cervical trunk
- intercostalis superior
- cervicalis profunda
- thyrocervical trunk
- inferior thyroid
- ascending cervical
- transverse cervical
- superficial cervical
- suprascapular
- dorsal scapular (sometimes a branch of trans cervical)
Continues on to become axillary artery
Axillary Artery Branches
- sup thoracic
- thoracoacromial:
- rami pectoralis, deltoid, acromial
- subscapular
- thoracodoraslis and circumflexa scapulae
- circumflexa posterii humerii
- circumflexa anterior humerii
- thoracolateralis
BRACHIAL
- branches
- profunda brachii
- sup ulnar collateral
- inf ulnar collateral
Thoracic Aorta Branches
Visceral and Parietal Branches:
- bronchial (v)
- pericardial (v)
- oesophageal (v)
- mediastinal (v)
- post intercostal (3 - 11) (p)
- sup phrenic (p)
- subcostal (p)
External Carotid Artery
- sup thyroid
- lingual
- facial
- (sternocleidomastoid)
- ascending pharyngeal
- occipital
- post auricular
- maxillary
- superficial temporal
Opthalmic Artery
- lacrimalis
- centrales retinae
- ciliares longis i brevis
- ciliares anteriores
- rami musculares
- supraorbitalis
- palpabralis mediales
- ethmoidal anteriores
- ethmoidal posteriores
- dorsalis
- frontalis
Abdominal Aorta
Visceral Paired
- suprarenalis media
- renalis
- ovaria / testicularis
Abdominal Aorta
Visceral Unpaired
- celiac trunk
- superior mesenteric
- inferior mesenteric
Abdominal Aorta
Parietal Branches
- aa lumbales
- a phrenic inf
- median sacral
Coeliac Trunk
T12 level
- splenic:
- left gastroepiloic
- panceatic branches
- short gastric arteries (to fundus)
- common hepatic:
- proper hepatic, left and right hepatic, cystic from right
- right gastric
- gastroduodenal; right gastroepiploic and pancreaticoduodenalis sup
- left gastric
Superior Mesenteric Artery
L2
- pancreaticoduodenalis inf
- jejunalis et ilei
- iliocolica - appendicularis
- colica dextra
- colica media
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
L3
- colica sinsistra
- sigmoidei
- rectalis sup
Inetrnal Iliac
Visceral Branches
- umbilicales - vesicales sup
- vesicales inf
- rectalis media
- pudenda interna - uterina - vaginalis, tubarius, ovaricus
- ductus deferens
Internal Iliac
Parietal Branches
- iliolumbar
- sacralis lateralis
- gluteal (sup et inf)
- pudenda interna (both parietal and visceral)
- obturator
IMA Anastamoses
There are two major anastamoses of the IMA, both involving a union with branches of thesuperior mesenteric artery:
Marginal artery (of Drummond) – forms a continuous arterial circle along the inner border of the colon. Straight vessels (vasa recta) arise from the artery to supply the colon. It is formed by the union of several branches; the ileocolic, right colic and middle colic of the SMA and left colic and sigmoid branches of the IMA.
Arc of Riolan – anastamosis between the middle colic branch of SMA and the left colic branch of IMA. It is less common than the marginal artery, and indeed its existence has been questioned by some surgeons.
External Iliac
The common iliac artery bifurcates into the internal iliac artery and external iliac artery at the level of the pelvic brim anterior to the sacroiliac joint.
The external iliac artery courses medially along the iliopsoas muscle . After it enters the thigh under the inguinal ligament, it changes name and continues as the femoral artery, supplying the lower limb.
Branches
inferior epigastric artery
deep circumflex iliac artery
Femoral Artery
The main artery of the lower limb is femoral artery. It is a continuation of the external iliac artery (terminal branch of the abdominal aorta). The external iliac becomes the femoral artery when it crosses under the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral triangle.
In the femoral triangle, the profunda femoris artery arises from the posterolateral aspect of the femoral artery. It travels posteriorly and distally, giving off three main branches:
Perforating branches – Consists of three or four arteries that perforate the adductor magnus, contributing to the supply of the muscles in the medial and posterior thigh.
Lateral femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the anterior, lateral side of the femur, supplying some of the muscles in the lateral side of the thigh.
Medial femoral circumflex artery – Wraps round the posterior side of the femur, supplying the neck and head of the femur. In a fracture of the femoral neck, this artery can easily be damaged, and avascular necrosis of the femur head can occur.
Gluteal Arteries
The gluteal region is largely supplied by the superior and inferior gluteal arteries. These arteries also arise from the internal iliac artery, entering the gluteal region via the greater sciatic foramen.
The superior gluteal artery leaves the foramen above the piriformis muscle, the inferior below the muscle. In addition to the gluteal muscles, the inferior gluteal artery also contributes towards the vasculature of the posterior thigh.
Posterior Tibial Artery
The posterior tibial artery continues inferiorly, along the surface of the deep muscles (such as tibialis posterior). It accompanies the tibial nerve in entering the sole of the foot via the tarsal tunnel. During the descent of the posterior tibial artery in the leg, the fibular artery arises. This artery moves laterally, penetrating the lateral compartment of the leg. It supplies muscles in the lateral compartment, and adjacent muscles in the posterior compartment.
Anterior Tibial Artery
The other division of the popliteal artery, the anterior tibial artery, passes anteriorly between the tibia and fibula, through a gap in the interosseous membrane. It then moves inferiorly down the leg. It runs down the entire length of the leg, and into the foot, where it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery.
Veins Superior to Heart
- empty into SVC
- azygous (from below)
- brachiocephalic
- internal jugular
- vertebral
- external jugular
- subclavian
- axillary
- cephalic
- brachial
Veins of the Lower Limb
- common iliac vein (internal and external iliac)
- below the inguinal ligament, external iliac vein becomes femoral vein
- The GSV originates from where the dorsal vein of the first digit (the large toe) merges with the dorsal venous arch of the foot. After passing anterior to the medial malleolus (where it often can be visualized and palpated), it runs up the medial side of the leg. At the knee, it runs over the posterior border of the medial epicondyle of the femur bone. The great saphenous vein then courses anteriorly to lie on the anterior surface of the thigh before entering an opening in the fascia lata called the saphenous opening. It forms an arch, the saphenous arch, to join the common femoral vein in the region of the femoral triangle at the sapheno-femoral junction
- saphenous nerve runs with large saphenous vein
- small saphenous vein runs with sural nerve
- At the ankle it receives branches from the sole of the foot through the medial marginal vein; in the lower leg it anastomoses freely with the small saphenous vein, communicates by perforator veins (Cockett perforators) with the anterior and posterior tibial veins and receives many cutaneous veins; near the knee it communicates with the popliteal vein by the Boyd perforator, in the thigh it communicates with the femoral vein by perforator veins (Dodd perforator) and receives numerous tributaries; those from the medial and posterior parts of the thigh frequently unite to form a large accessory saphenous vein which joins the main vein near the sapheno-femoral junction.[2]
Near the fossa ovalis it is joined by the superficial epigastric, superficial iliac circumflex, and superficial external pudendal veins.
The thoracoepigastric vein runs along the lateral aspect of the trunk between the superficial epigastric vein below and the lateral thoracic vein above and establishes an important communication between the femoral vein and the axillary vein.
Veins of the Arm
- superficial:
- basilic and cephalic, vena mediana cubiti
- deep:
- subclavian gives branches:
- thoracoepigastric
- axillary:
- brachial
- radial and ulnar
- interosseus
- subclavian gives branches:
Porto Caval Anastamoses
I. esophageal
(→esophageal
varices)
II. paraumbilical
III. rectal
(→hemaerrhoids)
IV. retroperitoneal
Cavo Caval Anastamoses
The thoracoepigastric vein runs along the lateral aspect of the trunk between the superficial epigastric vein below and the lateral thoracic vein above and establishes an important communication between the femoral vein and axillary vein. This is an especially important vein when the inferior vena cava (IVC) becomes obstructed, by providing a means of collateral venous return. It creates a cavocaval anastomosis by connecting with superficial epigastric veins arising from femoral vein just below inguinal ligament.
Fetal Circulation
The fetal circulatory system includes three shunts to divert blood from undeveloped and partially functioning organs, as well as blood supply to and from the placenta.
