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Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vascular system formed by ?

A
  • arteries (elastic & muscular)
  • arterioles (microscopic)
  • capillaries (microscopic)
  • venules (microscopic)
  • veins
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2
Q

what other vessels are also considered part of vascular system?

A

lymphatic

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3
Q

microcirculation or systemic capillary bed is formed by ?

A

arterioles, capillaries, & venules

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4
Q

Where does actual exchange between blood and tissue take place?

A

capillaries

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5
Q

What can vascular lesions cause?

A

Edema, hemorrhage, thrombosis, ischemia, & infarction in affected tissues & organs

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6
Q

5 degenerative diseases of arteries?

A
  1. Arteriosclerosis
  2. Atherosclerosis
  3. Arterial hypertrophy
  4. Aneurysms
  5. Arterial medial calcification
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7
Q

Arteriosclerosis vs atherosclerosis?

A

They are distinct degenerative diseases of arteries that are manifested by hardening of arterial wall, loss of elasticity, & in many cases, reduced vascular lumen. In Atherosclerosis, lesions predispose to arterial rupture

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8
Q

What degenerative disease of arteries other than Atherosclerosis also predisposes to arterial rupture?

A

Aneurysms

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9
Q

what does artiosclerosis mean etymologically?

A

hardening of an artery

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10
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

degenerative change w/ loss of arterial elasticity, hardening, & luminal narrowing

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11
Q

Where is arteriosclerosis mainly found?

A

elastic arteries (abd aorta); arterial branching sites are commonly affected

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12
Q

gross appearance of arteriosclerosis?

A

intima has raised corrugated wht plaques (multiple coalescing areas of intimal thickening) while normal vessel has smooth surface

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13
Q

what do arteriosclerosis plaques consist of ?

A

fibrous tissue & smooth muscle proliferation, sometimes mineralization

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14
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

major cause of mortality in humans in which excessive circulating cholesterol is deposited in arterial walls

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15
Q

how common is atherosclerosis in domestic animals?

A

comparatively rare compared to humans

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16
Q

What does atherosclerosis lead to in humans?

A

acute myocardial infarction (heart attack); (prevalent in humans, relatively rare in domestic animals)

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17
Q

major risk factors of atherosclerosis in humans?

A
  1. familial hypercholesterolemia
  2. high blood press
  3. poor diet habit (ex: junk food)
  4. sedentary life-style
  5. cigarette smoke
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18
Q

What are atheromas?

A

cholesterol plaques in intima & media of arteries

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19
Q

Where are atheromas particularly common?

A

coronary arteries (heart attacks) & in cerebral arteries (stroke)

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20
Q

Where is atherosclerosis most commonly reported in domestic spp?

A

hypothyroid dogs w/ hypercholesterolemia or diabetes mellitus; Sw, psittacine birds, & pigeons fed high lipid diet

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21
Q

steps in formation of atheromas?

A
  1. early cholesterol deposits in intima
  2. accumulation of cholesterol & lipid-laden macrophages in arterial wall
  3. large lipid plaques (atheromas) occlude arterial lumen & cause ischemia
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22
Q

Gross appearance of atherosclerosis?

A

prominent thick arteries

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23
Q

histo appearance of atherosclerosis?

A

atheromatous plaques contain foamy, lipid-laden macrophages, cholesterol clefts, fibroblasts, & smooth muscle proliferation

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24
Q

Describe atherosclerosis in lovebird? (gross)

A

hx of progressive weight loss; on post mortem, mjr arteries were hard & rigid

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25
Q

Describe atherosclerosis in lovebird? (histo)

A

lipid laden macrophages in arterial wall; lumen of medium sized artery is markedly occluded

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26
Q

what is arterial hypertrophy?

A

another arterial change that occurs in muscular arteries; characterized by hypertrophy & hyperplasia of smooth muscle which results in loss of elasticity, narrowing of arterial lumen, & increased resistance

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27
Q

what is common cause of arterial hypertrophy?

A

hypertension

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28
Q

Describe arterial hypertrophy with brisket disease:

A

high altitude -> pulmonary hypertension -> medial hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries -> increase flow resistance -> dilation/hypertrophy of R ventricle -> R heart failure -> ascites & sub Q edema

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29
Q

histo appearance of pulmonary artery with brisket disease?

A

moderate hypertrophy of smooth muscle

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30
Q

history of arterial hypertrophy & pulmonary hypertension in Fe?

A
  • muscular hypertrophy is frequently seen in lungs of Fe
  • in past this change was associated w/ Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (feline lungworm), but this idea has been abandoned since identical lesions have been found in Specific Pathogen
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31
Q

Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm) in cats can cause?

A

both smooth muscle hypertrophy & intimal proliferation/inflammation (endoarteritis)

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32
Q

hypertension & medial hypertrophy in cats can also be caused by which disease?

A

renal disease

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33
Q

histo appearance of arterial hypertrophy in cats?

A

severe hypertrophy of smooth muscle, intimal proliferation, & narrowing of vascular lumen

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34
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

localized weakening & dilation of blood vessels, particularly elastic arteries & to lesser extent veins

35
Q

Two main anatomic types of aneurysms?

A
  1. saccular (or fusiform) aneurysm: spherical or ovoid dilation of blood vessel resembling balloon filled w/ blood
  2. dissecting aneurysm (arterial dissection): tear of intima allows blood to enter into potential space btwn intima & media, progressively dissecting wall of vessel
36
Q

What are aneurysms prone to & what can this cause?

A

prone to rupture & can cause hemothorax, hemoabdomen, hemopericardium, brain hemorrhage, etc.

37
Q

5 common causes of aneurysms in domestic animals are?

A
  1. Strongylus vulgaris (nematode, blood worm) in Eq (aorta, cranial mesenteric artery)
  2. spirocerca lupi (nematode, esophageal worm) in Ca (aorta)
  3. copper deficiency in mares (uterine) & Sw
  4. trauma
  5. atherosclerosis & hypertension particularly in humans
38
Q

spirocerca lupi (nematode, esophageal worm) in Ca

A

Not common in Canada unless brought from Central America or Mexico; migrate from wall of aorta to wall of esophagus; only affects wild canids & dogs; lesion is parasitic aortitis (distended & corrugated artery); can produce granulomas/ nodules in distal esophagus; can progress into fibrosarcomas

39
Q

4 common causes of arterial calcification?

A
  1. hypervitaminosis D or ingestion of toxic plants containing Vit D analogs that cause hypercalcemia & metastatic calcification
  2. chronic granulomatous diseases ex: Johne’s disease (paratuberculosis) & tuberculosis often results in arterial mineralization
  3. age-related arteriosclerosis
  4. aortic lesions associated w/ migrating larvae of Spirocerca lupi (nematode, esophageal worm) in Ca
40
Q

gross appearance of arterial medial calcification?

A

corrugated surface & plaques of calcification

41
Q

Gross appearance of aorta & intestine in cow w/ Johne’s disease ?

A
  • aortic calcification: confluent, raised, rectangular plaques on intimal surface
  • intestine shows prominent thickening & folding of mucosa
42
Q

what is fibrinoid necrosis?

A

unique but non-specific term used to describe vascular change primarily in sm arteries & arterioles characterized by microscopic deposition of acidophilic proteinaceous material (fibrin) in vascular walls

43
Q

6 conditions associated w/ fibrinoid necrosis:

A
  1. viral infections ex: classical swine fever, porcine circovirus
  2. toxic conditions ex: uremia & mercury poisoning
  3. bacterial toxins ex: enterotoxemia & edema disease of swine (E. coli)
  4. nutritional deficiencies ex: mulberry heart disease
  5. purpura hemorrhagica in Eq. following infections w/ Streptococcus equi
  6. immune mediated vasculitis ex: lupus
44
Q

histo appearance of fibrinoid necrosis & vasculitis in cerebral arterioles?

A

fibrinoid material & karyorrhectic debris in vascular walls

45
Q

What is vasculitis?

A

generic term used in pathology that describes inflammation of sm arteries & veins; vasculitis is only detected by histopathology but its effect is grossly visible in affected tissues (hemorrhages, edema, or sm infarcts)

46
Q

common causes of vasculitis include:

A
  • systemic infections (virus, bact, fungi)
  • hypersensitivities where Ag-Ab complexes attached to walls of blood vessels
  • adverse drug reactions
47
Q

Name two viral diseases causing vasculitis

A

malignant catarrhal fever & bovine viral diarrhea

48
Q

Name two bact diseases causing vasculitis

A

Salmonella spp & histophilus somni

49
Q

Name two fungal diseases causing vasculitis

A

mucor spp & aspergillus spp

50
Q

Name two parasite diseases causing vasculitis

A

angiostrongylus vasorum (nematode, French heartworm) & spirocerca lupi

51
Q

Name two toxin diseases causing vasculitis

A

ergotism (fungus: Claviceps purpurea) & festuca spp/ mycotoxin Fusarium

52
Q

Name two immune mediated diseases causing vasculitis

A

systemic lupus erythematosus & rheumatoid arthritis

53
Q

Gross appearance of vasculitis?

A

wht linear lesions

54
Q

histo appearance of vasculitis?

A

fibrinoid necrosis (pink deposits) in renal arteries

55
Q

Sequels to vasculitis?

A

palpebral & mesocolon edema in Sw, infectious thrombotic meningoencephalitis (ITME in cattle); mycotic (fungal) vasculitis w/ infarction & hemorrhages in omasum

56
Q

Parasitic arteritis in Eq?

A

Can be seen on gross exam affecting lrg vessel; parasite is Strongylus vulgaris (nematode, blood worm); can cause colic in Eq

57
Q

Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm)

A

adult form of this nematode parasitize R ventricle & pulmonary arteries where it can cause endoarteritis (roughened intimal surface)

58
Q

Phlebitis?

A

term used to describe inflammation in veins

59
Q

thrombophlebitis?

A

veins undergoing inflammation typically become thrombosed

60
Q

4 most common forms of thrombophlebitis in vet practice are?

A
  1. vena cava thrombosis: in Bo which is typically secondary to hepatic abscess eroding into wall of vena cava
  2. omphalophlebitis: umbilical veins, particularly in farm animals, become infected & inflamed after birth
  3. latrogenic phlebitis: in all spp caused by improper venipuncture
  4. some parasites ex: schistosoma sp (blood fluke trematode) cause parasitic phlebitis
61
Q

Vena cava thrombophlebitis?

A

hepatic abscess eroding into vena cava & causing thrombosis; pieces of infected thrombus often detach & are released into circulation causing embolic pneumonia

62
Q

Embolic pneumonia?

A

sometimes these animals swallow lrg amts of blood & lrg amts of blood can be seen in feces; can cause sudden death due to ruptured pulmonary aneurysm

63
Q

gross appearance of omphalophlebitis?

A

swollen umbilical vessels filled w/ purulent exudate; exudate is visible in cut umbilical vein

64
Q

lymphangiectasia?

A

dilation of lymphatics secondary to accumulation of chyle, usually due to some sort of obstruction; can cause leakage into lumen of intestines & lead to hypoproteinemia

65
Q

gross appearance of lymphangiectasia?

A

lymphatics in mesentery are markedly dilated w/ chyle (wht vessels)

66
Q

histo appearance of lymphangiectasia?

A

lacteal dilation; subserosal dilation of lymphatic vessels w/ cluster of foamy macrophages

67
Q

what is rupture of lymphatics & what are 2 presentations of this?

A

thoracic duct or cisterna chyli leak fluid;
1. chylous ascites in abd cavity
2. chylothorax (milky fluid)

68
Q

5 types of lymphangitis?

A
  1. Johne’s disease (Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis) Bo
  2. glanders (burkholderia mallei) Eq
  3. ulcerative lymphangitis (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis) Eq, Bo
  4. Epizootic lymphangitis (Histoplasma farciminosum) Eq
  5. Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii)
69
Q

some primary cardiovascular tumours?

A
  1. hemangioma & hemangiosarcoma
  2. rhabdomyoma & rhabdomyosarcoma
  3. myxoma & myxosarcoma
  4. heart base tumour
    - aortic body chemodectoma
    - ectopic thyroid carcinoma
70
Q

example of secondary (metastatic) cardiovascular tumours?

71
Q

in dogs, where do hemangiosarcomas arise from?

A

various organs, primarily spleen & heart

72
Q

cardiac hemangiosarcoma is important canine …

A

malignancy

73
Q

most common site for hemangiosarcoma?

74
Q

hemangiosarcomas can cause?

A

cardiomegaly, hemopericardium, & cardiac tamponade

75
Q

gross appearance of hemangiosarcoma?

A

neoplastic cells form channels filled w/ blood (typically dark red colour), enlarged cardiac silhouette, metastatic tumoral nodules in lung, dark red mass in R atrium

76
Q

where do hemangiosarcomas readily metastasize to?

A

lungs & other organs ex: brain, kidneys, liver, etc.

77
Q

What is a chemodectoma?

A

arises from chemoreceptors normally present in aorta; typically non-fxnal, but tumour can cause heart failure b/c of compression of R atrium, venae cavae, or great arteries

78
Q

Differential for chemodectoma?

A

ectopic thyroid carcinoma

79
Q

myxoma/myxosarcoma?

A

contain mixed matter, can embolize to lungs (benign so not metastasis

80
Q

gross appearance of myxoma/myxosarcoma?

A

can look like bunch of grapes, can obliterate valves or lumen

81
Q

gross appearance of lymphoma?

A

wht-yellow tumoral nodules on heart

82
Q

histo appearance of lymphoma?

A

malignant cells infiltrating myocardium

83
Q

Lymphoma (w/ multicentric form) in cattle older than 3 years may have resulted from?

A

bovine leukemia virus b/c takes time to develop after infection w/ virus

84
Q

gross appearance of lymphoma in cow heart?

A

yellow nodular masses effacing atrium

Sys Path (12 decks)

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