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Histo Exam 2 Lecture > Vascular System > Flashcards

Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of cardiovascular system?

A

transport of O2/CO2 and nutrients/metabolic waste

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2
Q

What are the secondary functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

thermoregulation, transport of immune cells/hormones

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3
Q

What makes up the vascular system?

A

heart and blood vessels

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4
Q

What are the two components of the circulatory system?

A

pulmonary and systemic circulation

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5
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

RA and V -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atria

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6
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

LA and V -> aorta -> rest of body

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7
Q

What is the lymph vascular system?

A

passive drainage system for returning extravascular fluid to the blood vascular system

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8
Q

Does the lymph system have an intrinsic pump?

A

no, it relies on muscle contraction and body movement

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9
Q

What are the three layers of the cardiac wall?

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

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10
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

lined by endothelium with underlying layers of CT, middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic CT, and a subendotheiual layer containing modified cardiac muscle fibers

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11
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

thickest layer of the heart wall and contains cardiac muscle, connective tissue, and small blood vessels

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12
Q

What is epicardium?

A

lined by mesothelium with an underlying layer of loose CT that is rich in adipose tissue and contains small nerves and blood vessels
(also called visceral pericaridum)

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13
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

the innermost layer of simple squamous endothelium cells lining lumen
-very thin layer, 1-2 cell thick
-form semi-permeable barrier supported by basement membrane
-specialized discontinous tight junctions (fascia occludens)
-variable amounts of subendothelial CT

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14
Q

What is the internal elastic lamina?

A

elastic tissue that separates tunica intima and media

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15
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

highly variable middle layer
-smooth muscle cells and fibroblastic CT
-in arteries, thickest of the layers, may contain reticulin and elastic fibers

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16
Q

What is the external elastic lamina?

A

elastic fibers located between the tunica media and adventitia

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17
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A

outer most layer of blood vessels
-thickest layer in veins
-contains vasa vasorlum (mall blood vessels to supply the media and adventitia)
-contains nervi vasculares (autonomic nerves)

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18
Q

What causes vasoconstriction?

A

sympathetic, post ganglionic fibers

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19
Q

What is the process of vasodilation?

A

passive
-occurs in absence of sympathetic stimulation
-indirect parasympathetic innervation

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20
Q

Where are baroreceptors located and what do they do?

A

in carotid sinus and aortic arch
-detect blood pressure

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21
Q

Where are chemoreceptors and what do they do?

A

at bifurcation of carotid artery and aortic bodies in aortic arch
-detect changed in O2, CO2 tension, and pH

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22
Q

What do arteries do?

A

conduct blood from the heart to the capillaries
-store pumped blood during cardiac systole to ensure flow during cardiac diastole

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23
Q

What are the three major tunic/layers of arteries?

A

-tunica intima
-tunica media
-tunia externa

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24
Q

What are the three major groups of arteries?

A

-large elastic arteries
-medium sized muscular arteries
-small arteries/arterioles

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25
Q

In which blood vessel is blood pressure the largest?

A

aorta/arteries

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26
Q

What are elastic arteries?

A

> 1cm in diameter
-large conducting vessels (aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary arteries)
-have sheets of elastic tissue in tunica media, help maintain bp between systole and diastole
-have both internal and external elastic laminae

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27
Q

What is the thickest layer of elastic arteries?

A

tunica media

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28
Q

Two major characteristics of large elastic arteries:

A

-they receive blood from the heart under pressure
-keep blood circulating continuously while the heart is pumping intermittently

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29
Q

What do large elastic arteries do during systole?

A

distend

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30
Q

What do large elastic arteries do during diastole?

A

recoil

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31
Q

Where are large amounts of fenestrated elastic sheaths found in large elastic arteries?

A

tunica media

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32
Q

What are the blood vessels within large elastic arteries?

A

vasa vasorum

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33
Q

What are nerves in the large elastic arteries?

A

nervi vasorum

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34
Q

Where are the vasa vasorum, nervi vasorum, and lymphatics of large elastic arteries located?

A

tunica adventia

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35
Q

What are examples of large elastic arteries?

A

aorta and its largest branches (brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, and common iliac)

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36
Q

What are muscular arteries?

A

2-10 mm in diameter
-more smooth muscle and less elastin in tunica media than elastic arteries
-tunica media is the thickest layer
-internal elastic layer and may or may not have external elastic lamina

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37
Q

What do muscular arteries do?

A

allow selective distribution of blood to different organs in response to functional needs

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38
Q

What are the three layers of tunica intima of muscular arteries?

A

-endothelium
-subendothelium
-internal elastic lamina

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39
Q

Examples of medium sized arteries:

A

radial, tibial, splenic, mesenteric, and intercostal arteries

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40
Q

What are arterioles?

A

-final branches of arterial system
-10-100 um in diameter

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41
Q

What do arterioles do?

A

regulate distribution of blood to different capillary beds by vasoconstriction/vasodilation

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42
Q

Where does partial contraction/tone happen?

A

arterioles

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43
Q

What regulates distribution of blood into capillaries?

A

pre-capillary sphincters

44
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

small diameters arterioles; intermediate in size between arterioles and capillaries
-characterized by discontinuous of smooth muscle in tunica media

45
Q

What are postcapillary venules?

A

drain capillary beds

46
Q

What part of the capillary bed always have blood in them?

A

thoroughfare

47
Q

What part of the capillary bed may or may not have blood in it?

A

true capillaries

48
Q

What are functional units of the cardiovascular system?

A

capillaries

49
Q

What are the layers of the capillaries?

A

only has the tunica intima
-basement membrane and endothelium only
-small # of pericytes

50
Q

do capillaries have vasomotor activity?

A

no
-vasodilation and vasoconstriction accomplished via smooth muscle contraction in arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

51
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

lined with endothelium with tight junctions and a basal lamina with pericytes

52
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

have pore or fenestrate (holes)

53
Q

What are sinusoid capillaries?

A

discontinuous
-incomplete endothelial lining and basal lamina with gaps and holes

54
Q

What does Nitric oxide and prostacylin do?

A

relaxation of smooth muscle

55
Q

What can prostacylin do to blood clotting?

A

prevent platelet adhesion and clumping

56
Q

What is endothelin 1?

A

potent vasoconstriction peptide

57
Q

What type of cells have the greatest permeability to leukocytes?

A

postcapillary venules

58
Q

What activates activated endothelium?

A

cytokines

59
Q

What does activated endothelium allow?

A

-emigration of lymphoid cells
-express cell adhesion molecules for neutrophils

60
Q

What are Weibel-Palade bodies?

A

storage granules found in endothelium of arteries, veins, and endocardium

61
Q

What is inside Weibel-Palade bodies?

A

von Willebrand factor and P-selectin

62
Q

What is von Willebrand factor?

A

factor essential for blood coagulation
-binds with factor VIII and leads to platelet adhesion

63
Q

What does P-selectin do?

A

increase permeability of endothelium and facilitate leukocytes leaving the blood stream

64
Q

What is a vasoactive factor that cause cells to lose attachment to one another?

A

histamin

65
Q

Do both arteries and veins have valves?

A

no just veins

66
Q

What are post capillary venules?

A

beginning of venous system right after capillaries where blood cells migrate into tissues

67
Q

Which have thinner walls, arteries or veins?

A

veins

68
Q

Small muscular arteries…

A

may or may not contain internal elastic lamina

69
Q

Medium muscular arteries…

A

contain external elastic lamina only

70
Q

large muscular arteries…

A

contain internal and external elastic laminae

71
Q

What do vasoactive substances do to venules?

A

enlarge intercellular spaces
-increase permeability of vessel

72
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A

valves of the veins do not close properly and allow the blood to pool in the veins

73
Q

What are AV shunts?

A

direct connections between the arterial and venous system
-bypass capillary

74
Q

What are portal vessels?

A

vein or artery directly connecting two capillary beds

75
Q

What is vasculitis?

A

inflammation of blood vessel
-causes changes in walls of blood vessels (thickening, weakening, narrowing, and scarring)
-restrict blood flow, resulting in organ and tissue damage

76
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

thickening and hardening of walls of arteries caused by plaques of lipids, cells, and CT in tunica intima

77
Q

Where is atherosclerosis frequently seen?

A

in arteries sustaining high blood pressure

78
Q

What genetic defect is associated with atherosclerosis?

A

familial hypercholesterolemia

79
Q

What are foam cells?

A

byproducts of macrophages trying to remove the cholesterol build up in arteries

80
Q

What is often associated with atherosclerosis?

A

hypertension
-decrease vessel diameter and increase in systolic BP

81
Q

What is an embolus?

A

when a piece of thrombus breaks off

82
Q

What can an embolus cause?

A

acute ischemic event
-lack of blood flow

83
Q

What can anoxia cause?

A

angina

84
Q

What is the most common cause of ischemic heart disease?

A

atherosclerosis

85
Q

What is gradual narrowing called?

A

stenosis

86
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

when portion of the heart muscle dies

87
Q

Can heart muscle cells regrow?

A

no, they are terminally differentiated so healing occurs via fibrosis
-causes loss in function

88
Q

What is a stroke?

A

similar to MI, just in the brain

89
Q

What is the result of a stroke?

A

cerebral infarct
-location of clot determines symptoms and severity

90
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do?

A

conduct immune cells and lymph to lymph nodes
-remove excess fluid accumulated in interstitial spaces
-transport chylomicrons and lipid containing particles

91
Q

The endothelial cells of lymph vessels are…

A

highly phagocytic

92
Q

Are there valves in lymph vessels?

A

yes

93
Q

Difference between lymph vessels and capillaries?

A

there are no red blood cells in lymph vessels

94
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries found?

A

in all tissues
EXCEPT- cartilage, bone, epithelia, CNS, and placenta

95
Q

What does the lymph vascular system do?

A

drain excess fluid from ECS and return to blood stream

96
Q

Why is lymph formed?

A

result of high hydrostatic pressure in arterioles; exceeds colloidal oncotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins

97
Q

Characteristics of lymph nodes:

A

thin walled, lack blood, eosinophilic, proteinaceous fluid, and occasional WBC

98
Q

Where does the lymph vascular system converge?

A

on thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

99
Q

When does lymph return to the blood stream?

A

at junction of L internal jugular vein and L subclavian vein

100
Q

How is lymph movement controlled?

A

skeletal muscle contraction and body movement

101
Q

immobility can lead to…

A

edema (swollen feet)

102
Q

Intrinsic contraction for lymphatic drainage:

A

when vessels become expanded by lymph, the smooth muscle of the wall contract

103
Q

Extrinsic contraction for lymphatic drainage:

A

external factors such as contraction of the surrounding muscles during exercise, arterial pulsation, and compression of tissues by forces outside the body

104
Q

lymphedema

A

defect in transport of lymph because of abnormal vessel development or damaged lymphatic vessels

105
Q

filariasis (elephantiasis)

A

parasitic infection of lymphatic vessels
-transmitted by mosquito bites
-in tropical countries

106
Q

What are chylous ascites and chylothorax?

A

accumulation of high fat containing fluid or chyle in abdomen or thorax as result of trauma, obstruction, or abnormal development of lymphatic vessels

Histo Exam 2 Lecture (9 decks)

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