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Abdominal Ultrasound > Vascular System > Flashcards

Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries carry blood _____ from the heart.

A

away

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2
Q

Veins carry blood from the tissues ___ the heart.

A

to

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3
Q

The smallest branches of arteries are _________.

A

arterioles

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4
Q

Arterioles lead into _______.

A

capillaries

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5
Q

Capillaries form a network between ______ and _______ systems.

A

arterial and venous

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6
Q

After blood passes through capillaries, it is collected in ______.

A

venules

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7
Q

A vessel is made of three layers:

A

Intima, media, adventitia

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8
Q

The intima is made up of three layers:

A

endothelial cells, connective tissue, and elastic layer

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9
Q

The tunica media is made up of _____ muscle fibers with _____ and _________ tissue.

A

smooth muscle fibers with elastic and collagenous tissue

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10
Q

The tunica adventitia is made up of _______ connective tissue with bundles of _______ muscle fibers and _____ tissue.

A

loose connective tissue with bundles of smooth muscle fibers and elastic tissue

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11
Q

The ____ ________ makes up tiny arteries and veins that supply the walls of blood vessels.

A

vasa vasorum

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12
Q

The _________ of the larger arteries is important for maintaining steady blood flow.

A

elasticity

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13
Q

The abdominal aorta is _________ and will not change in diameter with changes in respiration.

A

pulsatile

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14
Q

Veins are collapsible due to the diminished _____ _______ with less ______ tissue or ______ within their walls.

A

diminished tunica media with less elastic tissue or muscle

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15
Q

Veins have a _____ total diameter than arteries.

A

larger

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16
Q

Veins contain valves to prevent _________ and permit blood in one direction against gravity.

A

backflow

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17
Q

The IVC should dilate slightly with suspended _________.

A

respiration

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18
Q

The aorta is divided into ____ sections.

A

5

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19
Q

The five sections of the aorta are the:

A

root, ascending aorta, descending aorta, abdominal aorta, and bifurcation

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20
Q

The aorta arises from the _____ ________ of the heart.

A

left ventricle

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21
Q

The abdominal aorta should be less than ____ in diameter.

A

3 cm

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22
Q

The three major anterior branches of the aorta:

A

celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery

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23
Q

The celiac trunk has three branches:

A

common hepatic artery, splenic artery, and left gastric artery

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24
Q

The common hepatic artery divides into two branches:

A

gastroduodenal artery and proper hepatic artery

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25
Q

The proper hepatic artery divides into three branches:

A

right and left hepatic arteries, right gastric artery

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26
Q

Three lateral branches of the abdominal aorta:

A

phrenic arteries, renal arteries, gonadal arteries

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27
Q

The first anterior branch of the AA:

A

celiac trunk

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28
Q

The celiac trunk arises ___ inferior to the diaphragm.

A

2 cm

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29
Q

The ______ _______ ligament surrounds the aorta at the level of the celiac trunk and has been known to compress the celiac trunk, known as ____ ______ syndrome.

A

median arcuate ligament, known as celiac band syndrome

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30
Q

The ______ and ________ arteries create the seagull or dove sign.

A

Splenic and hepatic

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31
Q

The splenic artery forms the ______ border of the pancreas.

A

superior

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32
Q

The right gastric and gastroduodenal arteries supply the _________ and parts of the __________.

A

duodenum and parts of the stomach

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33
Q

The SMA arises ______ (distance) from the celiac trunk.

A

1 cm

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34
Q

The SMA runs ________ to the neck of the pancreas and _________ to the uncinate process.

A

posterior to the neck, anterior to the uncinate process

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35
Q

The SMA branches into the _______ and _______.

A

mesnentery and colon

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36
Q

The renal arteries arise just inferior to the _______ at the level of the ______ lumbar vertebra.

A

SMA, first lumbar vertebra

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37
Q

The right renal artery courses from aorta _______ to the IVC.

A

posterior

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38
Q

The right renal artery is longer than the left renal artery because the aorta lies more towards the ______ of the abdomen.

A

left

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39
Q

The ____ renal artery courses from the aorta directly into the kidney hilum.

A

left

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40
Q

The gonadal arteries are ______ to the renal arteries.

A

inferior

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41
Q

The gonadal arteries course along the _____ muscles.

A

psoas

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42
Q

The IMA supplies blood to the (three parts of a colon) and the _______.

A

left transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

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43
Q

Three branches of the IMA:

A

left colic artery, sigmoid artery, and superior rectal artery

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44
Q

The common iliac arteries divide into the:

A

internal and external iliac arteries

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45
Q

Clinical reasons for an aortic ultrasound: _______ abdominal mass, abdominal pain radiating to the _______, abdominal ______ (abnormal sound), hemodynamic compromise in ________ legs

A

pulsatile abdominal mass, ab pain radiating to the back, abdominal bruit, hemodynamic compromise in lower legs

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46
Q

Arterial system may be affected by ________ (arteriosclerosis), ________ (ballooning), _______ tissue disorder, ________ (burst), ________ (blood clot), or __________ (caused by germs).

A

atheroma, anuerysm, connective tissue disorder, rupture, thrombosis, or infection

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47
Q

Arteriosclerosis occurs when the arterial vascular system becomes ______ and ______.

A

thick and stiff

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48
Q

Atherosclerosis is a form of _________. Occurs when aortic wall becomes irregular from _______ build-up.

A

arteriosclerosis, plaque build-up

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49
Q

An aortic aneurysm is a localized dilation with an increase in diameter greater than _____ times its normal diameter or more than __% increase when compared to adjacent ________ segment.

A

1.5 times, 50%, proximal segment

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50
Q

Surgery is considered when an aneurysm is greater than ______.

A

5 cm

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51
Q

Aneurysms are classified ____ or ______ aneurysms.

A

True or false

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52
Q

Risk factors for AAA: _____ (snuff), _____ (HBP), ______ disease, chronic obstructive _________ disorder, family history for ________.

A

tobacco, hypertension, vascular disease, COPD, family history of AAA

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53
Q

The most common cause of AAA:

A

atherosclerosis

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54
Q

Other causes of a AAA: _____ (injury), ______ defects, _____ (STD), _____ (fungal dissection), cystic medial _______, inflammation of the _____ and ________, increased _______, abnormal _____ load.

A

trauma, congenital defects, syphilis, mycosis, cystic medial necrosis, inflammation of the media and adventitia, increased pressure, abnormal volume load

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55
Q

True anuerysms involve all ______.

A

three layers of artery

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56
Q

True aneurysms is most commonly caused by __________ but also occur secondary to _________ diseases.

A

atherosclerosis, congenital diseases

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57
Q

AAA’s most commonly develop ________ (location) ____ %

A

infrarenally, 95%

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58
Q

Two forms of true anuerysms:

A

fusiform and saccular

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59
Q

A fusiform anuerysm extends over the ____ of the aorta to resemble a ‘_____‘-like shape

A

length, football

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60
Q

A saccular anuerysm is connected to a vascular lumen by the _______ that varies in size but may be as ______ as the aneurysm itself.

A

mouth, large

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61
Q

A false anuerysm is also known as a ____________

A

psuedoanuerysm

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62
Q

In a false anuerysm, blood escapes through a hole in the _________ but is contained by the ___________ layers of the aorta or by adjacent tissue.

A

intima, deeper

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63
Q

False aneurysms can occur after trauma or injury to the vessel as a result of _______, ________, or ______________.

A

accident, surgery, cauterization

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64
Q

In a dissecting anuerysm blood escapes through the lumen through a _____ or ____ in the _______ wall.

A

dissect or tear, in the intimal wall

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65
Q

The type of dissecting aneurysm that involves the ascending aorta and aorta arch.

A

Type 1 and 2

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66
Q

The type of dissecting aneurysm that has a high mortality rate.

A

Type 1 and 2

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67
Q

The type of dissecting aneurysm that involves the descending aorta.

A

Type 3

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68
Q

The mortality rate of an AAA rupture:

A

50%

69
Q

Most common site for an AAA rupture:

A

infrarenal

70
Q

Aneurysms greater than 5cm have a ____ cumulative incidence of rupture over 8 years.

A

25%

71
Q

Symptoms of an AAA rupture are excruciating ______ pain, _____ (trauma), expanding abdominal ____.

A

abdominal pain, shock, expanding abdominal mass

72
Q

Aortic grafts repairs anuerysms with a _______ graft material attached to the end of the remaining intact _____.

A

flexible, intact aorta

73
Q

Aortic grafts are placed within: (3 sites)

A

aorta, iliac, or femoral arteries

74
Q

Aortic grafts produce ____ echo reflections

A

bright

75
Q

Complications of aortic grafts include forming another _______, ________ (blood pooling), _______ (germs), degeneration of _______ material.

A

aneurysm, hematoma, infection, degeneration of graft material

76
Q

Aortic ectasia implies the ______ distortion of a vessel.

A

diffuse

77
Q

An aneurysm is a region of _____ enlargement.

A

focal

78
Q

The IVC is a large, collapsible vein that returns blood into the right ____ of the heart.

A

atrium

79
Q

The IVC is formed by the union of the _______.

A

common iliac veins

80
Q

The IVC ascends vertically through the __________ space on the _____ side of the aorta.

A

retroperitoneal, right

81
Q

Intrahepatic portion of the IVC is seen by using the ____ as an acoustic window.

A

liver

82
Q

Complete IVC is imaged on _____ plane.

A

Sagittal

83
Q

The hepatic veins return _____ blood from the _____.

A

unoxygenated, liver

84
Q

There are three hepatic veins:

A

right hepatic, middle hepatic, left hepatic

85
Q

All 3 hepatic veins drain into the _____ on its ________ aspect at the level of the diaphragm.

A

IVC, anterior

86
Q

The right suprarenal vein is a _____ tributary.

A

lateral

87
Q

The left suprarenal vein drains into the _______.

A

Left renal vein

88
Q

Renal veins are ______ tributaries.

A

lateral

89
Q

The left renal vein courses between the ____ and ______.

A

SMA, aorta

90
Q

The right renal vein is ____ than the left because of the position of the _____.

A

shorter, IVC

91
Q

The left gonadal vein drains into the _____ or _____.

A

left renal vein or left adrenal vein

92
Q

The right gonadal vein enters into the ____ on the ________ border above the lumbar veins.

A

IVC, anterolateral border

93
Q

There are _____ lateral abdominal wall vein tributaries:

A

five; inferior phrenic and four lumbar veins

94
Q

The three veins of origin are the:

A

two common iliac veins and median sacral vein

95
Q

Acquired abnormalities of the IVC are ______ (enlargement), _______ (mass), ________(clot).

A

dilation, tumor, and thrombosis

96
Q

The most common tumor is a _________ usually arising from the _________.

A

renal cell carcinoma, right kidney

97
Q

______’s tumor can be seen extending into the IVC and _____ atrium.

A

Wilm’s, right

98
Q

Patients with IVC thrombosis present with leg ____, low _____ pain, ______ (area of body) pain, GI ________, and ____/_____ (two organs) abnormalities.

A

edema, low back pain, pelvic pain, GI complaints, and renal/liver abnormalities

99
Q

An IVC filter is a wire mesh implanted to trap small _____ that may cause problems in the ____ or the _______.

A

emboli, heart or the lungs

100
Q

The most common origin of pulmonary emboli is venous thrombosis from the ___________.

A

lower extremities

101
Q

IVC filters are used to prevent recurrent embolization in patients who can’t tolerate __________.

A

anticoagulants

102
Q

The preferred placement of IVC filters are at:

A

iliac bifurcation below renal veins

103
Q

The portal vein supplies the _____ with incompletely ______ venous blood from the ________ and _______.

A

liver, oxygenated, spleen and intestines

104
Q

The portal vein supplies ___% incompletely oxygenated blood

A

80%

105
Q

The portal vein forms the ______ border of the pancreas.

A

posterior

106
Q

The portal system carries blood from the _________ to the liver by ___ main branches.

A

intestines, two

107
Q

The two main branches of the portal system are:

A

right and left portal veins

108
Q

The right portal vein bifurcates into:

A

anterior and posterior branches

109
Q

The left portal vein bifurcates into:

A

medial and lateral branches

110
Q

The portal venous system drains blood from the __________ tract, lower end of the _____ to the upper end of the _____ canal; and from the: (3 organs) ______, ______, _____ ducts, and ________.

A

gastrointestinal tract, lower end of the esophagus to the upper end of the anal canal and from the gallbladder, CBD, pancreas, and spleen

111
Q

Portal venous hypertension is caused by the ______ of the portal vein, ____ vein, IVC, or prolonged _________.

A

obstruction, hepatic, prolonged congestive heart failure

112
Q

Portal flow towards transducer:

A

hepatopetal

113
Q

Portal flow away from transducer:

A

hepatofugal

114
Q

Portal venous hypertension is treated with ______.

A

TIPS

115
Q

TIPS stands for:

A

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

116
Q

In portal venous hypertension, blood is diverted in a ________ direction via various ______ pathways.

A

hepatofugal, collateral

117
Q

The sonographic findings of portal venous hypertension include: dilated (veins) ____, _____, _____.

A

portal, splenic, SMV

118
Q

The sonographic findings of portal venous hypertension include: patent _________ vein

A

paraumbilical

119
Q

The sonographic findings of portal venous hypertension include: _____ (swollen veins), ______ (enlarged spleen), diminished response to _______ in portal system.

A

varices, splenomegaly, respiration

120
Q

The sonographic findings of portal venous hypertension include: dilated ______ and ______ arteries

A

hepatic and splenic arteries

121
Q

The sonographic findings of portal venous hypertension include: _____ (fluid in abdomen) and _____ liver with ______ surface or _____ liver with ______ texture.

A

ascites, small liver with irregular surface or large liver with abnormal texture

122
Q

The portal triad consists of:

A

portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct

123
Q

The portal vein has an ______ wall

A

echogenic

124
Q

The portal triad forms the ________ sign.

A

Mickey Mouse

125
Q

The splenic vein begins at the _____ of the _____.

A

hilum of the spleen

126
Q

The splenic vein is joined by the _____ and ______ veins.

A

gastric and left gastroepiploic veins

127
Q

The splenic vein runs along the _______ border of the pancreas.

A

posteriomedial

128
Q

The splenic vein crosses ________ to the aorta and IVC and also along the _____ and _____ borders of the pancreatic body and tail.

A

anterior, medial and posterior borders

129
Q

The SMV joins the _____ to form the main portal vein.

A

splenic vein

130
Q

The SMV passes ______ to the third part of the duodenum and _______ to the neck of pancreas.

A

anterior, posterior

131
Q

The SMV lies _____ to the SMA and ______ to the IVC.

A

adjacent, anterior

132
Q

The SMV lies ____ to the uncinate process of the pancreas and _____ to the pancreatic body.

A

anterior, posterior

133
Q

The inferior mesenteric vein drains the left third of the ______ and upper _____ and ascends retroperitoneally along the left ______ muscle.

A

colon, colon, left psoas muscle

134
Q

The IMV runs ________ in the posterior abdominal wall on the left side of the IMA to join the _______ vein posterior to the pancreas.

A

superiorly, splenic vein

135
Q

Abdominal Doppler techniques can show the presence or _______ of flow, _______ of flow, _________ of flow, ______ characterization.

A

absence, direction, disturbance, tissue characterization

136
Q

Doppler waveform can be non-________ or _______.

A

non-resistive or resistive

137
Q

Nonresistive vessels are also known as ______ resistance.

A

low

138
Q

Nonresistive vessels have a _____ diastolic component.

A

high

139
Q

Nonresistive vessels supply organs that need ______ perfusion.

A

constant

140
Q

Examples of nonresitive vessels include the internal _______ (brain), _________ (liver) artery, and _______ (kidney) artery.

A

ICA, hepatic artery, and renal artery

141
Q

Resistive vessels are known as _____ resistance.

A

high

142
Q

Resistive vessels have very ______ or even ______ flow in diastole.

A

little or even reversed flow

143
Q

Resistive vessels supply organs that do not need a constant ______ supply.

A

blood

144
Q

Examples of resistive vessels are the ________ artery, _______ artery (legs) and _______ arteries (arms).

A

ECA, iliac artery and brachial arteries

145
Q

The spectral display has three axes:

A

x = time
y = Doppler shift frequency (velocity)
z = gray scale

146
Q

What does the Doppler shift frequency indicate in positive and negative shifts?

A

positive = flow toward transducer above the baseline
negative = flow away from transducer below the baseline

147
Q

More red blood cells produce a ________ gray scale.

A

brighter

148
Q

The proximal aorta has a ____ systolic and _____ diastolic flow.

A

High systolic and low diastolic

149
Q

Distal aorta demonstrates _______ flow.

A

triphasic

150
Q

The celiac axis is ________ after meals.

A

unchanged

151
Q

The splenic artery is prone to ________.

A

aneurysm

152
Q

The SMA is ______ resistive in fasting patients.

A

highly

153
Q

The SMA is ______ resistive in nonfasting patients.

A

Nonresistive

154
Q

The hepatic artery is crucial in ______ transplants.

A

heart

155
Q

The renal artery has a ________ flow.

A

nonresistive

156
Q

The renal vein has ______ flow like the IVC.

A

variable

157
Q

The _____ vein is evaluated with transplants.

A

renal

158
Q

The IVC and hepatic veins vary with ________.

A

respiration

159
Q

The IVC and hepatic veins flow _____ and ____ the baseline. This is due to reflux from the _________.

A

above and below, right atrium

160
Q

Budd-Chiari syndrome is the thrombosis of the ____________.

A

hepatic veins

161
Q

Hepatic veins are small with ________ material in Budd-Chiari.

A

echogenic

162
Q

The presence of ______ flow in the hepatic veins excludes Budd-Chiari syndrome.

A

normal

163
Q

The portal vein has ________ flow.

A

hepatopetal

164
Q

The portal vein has a _______ flow pattern that varies slightly with __________.

A

continuous flow, respiration

165
Q

The portal vein can have a ___________ transformation.

A

cavernous

166
Q

Cavernous transformation of the portal vein is seen in patients with _______ portal vein obstruction or _______.

A

chronic, thrombosis

167
Q

In canvernous transformation of the portal vein, the _________ portal vein is not visualized.

A

extrahepatic

168
Q

In canvernous transformation of the portal vein, an echogenic area is present in the _________.

A

porta hepatis

169
Q

In canvernous transformation of the portal vein, _________collaterals are present.

A

periportal

Abdominal Ultrasound (3 decks)

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