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BIO 1030 part 2 > Vascular plants (seedless and seed) > Flashcards

Vascular plants (seedless and seed) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main traits of a vascular plant?

A

1) Dominant sporophyte- long lived
- gives rise to leaves, roots
- gametophyte is short lived (thallus)
- gametophyte has no root, stems, leaves, sclerenchyma or collenchyma

2) Vascular tissue
contains the xylem and phloem
xylem is the water/mineral conducting system (downwards) from the root to the shoot
phloem is the sugar conducting system (upwards)
from the shoot to the root

3) Ground tissue
Parenchyma - simple structure that gives rise to mesophyll, cortex, pith, pulp and endosperm
- wound repair, waste, storage
cell walls made of cellulose

Collenchyma
- structural support

sclerenchyma

  • support tissue (skeleton)
  • fibres and sclerids
  • sclerids (reduced form of sclerenchyma) that form small bundles of durable tissue..

4) dermal tissue
periderm - cork (outer bark in woody plants)
epidermis - above ground (shoots) covered in cuticle (lipid layer)
and below ground there is no cuticle so that the plant can absorb h2o/minerals and the root hairs are pair of the epidermis

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2
Q

What is the difference between the gametophytes in the seed and seedless vascular plants?

A

Ferns - gametophyte is independent of the sporophyte phase.. free living gametophyte

seed plants: gametophyte is micro and mega
nutritionally dependent on the parent sporophyte.

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3
Q

What is the difference between sporophytes and gametophytes? for vascular…

A

Sporophytes - larger size, has roots stems and leaves, long lived, spores by meiosis, has cuticle

Gametophytes - tiny thallus, short lived, gametes by meiosis, no cuticle

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4
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

produced by the S.A.M and are used for anchor purposes/create soil

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5
Q

What are ceta?

A

Hair like stem that raises the spores through the ring capsule so it can be dispersed

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6
Q

What are leaves?

A

produced by the S.A.M

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7
Q

What are roots?

A

produced by the S.A.M and have R.A.M for each root (anchor purposes and obtaining moisture/water)

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8
Q

What are roots?

A

produced by the S.A.M and have R.A.M for each root (anchor purposes and obtaining moisture/water)

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of roots?

A

Adventitious roots: Any root that originates from the stem tissue.. ex: rhizomes
Primary root: any root that originates fro the embryo
Secondary/lateral root: root that branches off another root

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10
Q

What is the fern life cycle?

A

gfhgfgf

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of roots?

A

Adventitious roots: Any root that originates from the stem tissue.. ex: rhizomes
Primary root: any root that originates fro the embryo
Secondary/lateral root: root that branches off another root

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12
Q

What is single fertilization? which type of seed-vascular plant uses this?

A

Gymnosperms

only one sperm unites with one egg.

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13
Q

What are the 3 main traits of VASCULAR seed plants?

A

1) Heterosporous spore production
- 2 types: micro spores (male) and mega spores (female)
- Unisexual (dioecious) – ferns are bisexual (monoecious)
- male and female gametophytes are derived from spores

2) Ovule (differ in gymnosperms and angiosperms)
3) pollen grain & pollen tube

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14
Q

What is double fertilization? what type of seed vascular plant uses this?

A

2 sperm nuclei are required ..one egg will unite with one sperm and the remaining sperm unites with the 2 polar nuclei to created 3N tissue (endosperm)

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15
Q

Describe spore production in flowering plants for females

and male spore production

A

similar to the male spore production

In the ovule, there is one megasporocyte (2n) that will produce 4 megaspores by meiosis in the megasporangium (also one per ovule) - 3 of the megaspores will degenerate and 1 will remain which goes through mitosis to create the megagametophyte.. integument will surround the ovule.

In gymnosperms: the megasporangium is found in the cone
in angiosperms: the megasporanium is found in the carpel

In the sperm, microsporophyll -> microsporangium which contains the microsporocyte (2n) -> meiosis> microspores and eventually gives rise to the microgametophyte

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16
Q

Are seed vascular plants monoecious or dioecious?

A

they are dioecious.

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17
Q

What is single fertilization? Gymnosperms

A

one egg+ one sperm

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18
Q

Mature ovary is to fruit as mature ovule is to ____ ?

A

Seed

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19
Q

What is double fertilization? what type of seed vascular plant uses this?

A

2 sperm nuclei are required ..one egg will unite with one sperm and the remaining sperm unites with the 2 polar nuclei to created 3N tissue (endosperm)

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20
Q

How do angiosperms and gymnosperms pollinate?

A

Angiosperms - pollination requires another animal (such as bees) to move the pollen from the anther to the stigma

Gymnosperms - pollination occurs by landing on the ovule directly via wind etc

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21
Q

What is the difference between monocots and dicots?

A 
Monocots - one cotyledon 
veins are usually straight
flower parts in multiples of 3 
fibrous root system
vascular bundle in complex matter
dicots: two cotyledons
veins are usually net like
flower parts in multiples of 3 
vascular bundle in a ring
can see primary root
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22
Q

What two structures create the stamen?

A

anther + filament

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23
Q

What creates the carpel?

A

Stigma and style

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24
Q

What are the functions of the flowering plants?

A

Carpal: contains the style and stigma

style: elevates the stigma
stigma: receptive surface where pollen will land and germinate
ovary: carries the ovule
ovule: egg
sepal: encloses the bud
petals: used to attract pollinators and form can be co-evolved
stem: central axis/shoot system
filament: male reproductive system
anther: bears and produces pollen
receptacle: where the flower is attached
stamen: anther+filament - produces pollen

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25
Q

Main differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms?

A 
Gymnosperms - direct pollination
air bladder and archegonia
multiple cotyledons
no endosperm (3n tissue)
single fertilization
reproduces in the cone 
no fruits or flowers
Angiosperms
no air bladder or archegonia 
has 3N tissue
double fertilization
only one or two cotyledons
reproduces in the anther and carpel
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26
Q

What is the difference between in-determinant and determinant?

A

Indeterminant is continous growth - has no set point

determinant growth has a set point..

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27
Q

What is the function of fruit?

A

Protects the embryo within the seed and eventually disperses the seed.

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28
Q

Why are gymnosperms called “naked?

A

The ovules are exposed on the ovuliferous scales

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29
Q

What is auxin?

A

Plant hormone that promotes growth in the embryo such as the S.A.M, leaves, roots, stems, cotyledons.

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30
Q

What is cytokinin?

A

Plant hormone that promotes auxillary bud growth and apical dominance
no effect on parenchyma..

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31
Q

Where does growth occur?

A

in the meristem - localized region of active cell division from which permanent tissue is derived

first found in the embryo
remains for the rest of plant’s life

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32
Q

What does vascular, ground and dermal tissue form?

A

The vascular tissue forms the xylem and phloem

The ground tissue forms the parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues

Parenchyma forms the pith, cortex, mesophyll (spongy and palilside), endosperm, pulp
responsible for waste and storage
- found in the cork cambium..

collenchyma

  • structural support
  • found in the epidermis or in younger outer layer of stem/leafs

schlerenchyma - skeleton
-found in the seed coat

dermal tissue
periderm - cork (woody plants)
epidermis - outer covering on the upper (also covered by a lipid layer called the cuticle)

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33
Q

What are the two types of meristem?

A

Shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem

Shoot apical meristem gives rise laterally… upwards
root - gives rise to roots…every root has a R.A.M

together make up the primary growth.

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34
Q

What is primary growth?

A

Primary growth is the shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem and together – they create primary tissues such as the vascular, dermal and ground tissue..

also cause a main increase in the axis and length of branches and roots

main axis - length (shoot and root)

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35
Q

Main difference in animals vs plants?

A

Animals have determinant growth- tissues stop growing except for fat and heal wounding..
Plants have indeterminant growth - new tissues are added to the root and shoot for the rest of the life

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36
Q

What type of tissue is found in the seed coat?

A

Sclerenchyma

37
Q

What is the vascular cambium?

A

Produces the secondary tissues..

S.A.M and R.A.M produce the primary tissues

38
Q

What is cell growth influenced by?

A

Auxin

39
Q

What is seed dormancy?

A

Seed dormancy is where a mature seed is “dormant” (sleeping/hibernating) and possesses low metabolic activity, dehydration and suspended embryo growth and metabolism
Suspended embryo growth allows the sporophyte to remain inactive and germinate when conditions are right which allows the embryo to survive harsh conditions (drought/overwinter etc)

40
Q

What are the minimum requirements for seed germination? (reactivating the S.A.M and R.A.M)

A

1) water - cell elongation
rehydration
metabolism

2) o2
aerobic respiration
low solubilty in h2o, needs balance between the two
growth and active transport

3) op temp for enzyme activity

41
Q

Describe primary root growth

A

The root tips contains the zone of cell division (also ram)

  • derivatives (products of cell division) will elongate and enlarge which pushes the root tips deeper into the soil - once correctly elongated it will differentiate into two types. (primary tissue)
42
Q

Describe the functions of the root

A

1) Root anchorage
2) H2O+minerals within soil medium
3) storage of organic compounds (occurs within the cortex)
4) transport mechanism (xylem and phloem—bidirectional)

two types: dicot and monocot

43
Q

What are the shoot functions?

A

1) Photosynthesis
2) Transpiration - loss of water in stomata
3) transport: xylem/phloem
4) reproduction

44
Q

What is the shoot structure?

A

Node: region of stem where leaf is attached
Internode: region between nodes
Axillary buds: inactive sam (no mitotic division)
produces future branches or flowers
terminal bud: active S.A.M

45
Q

Explain primary shoot growth

A

S.A.M initiates new stem tissue and leaf growth -> primary growth is concentrated in the shoot tip— upward growth does not occur because it is mature

46
Q

What is primary growth? for shoots?

A

Primary growth is an increase in stem length by internodal elongation via internodal cell elongation ( moves shoot tip upwards)
influenced by auxin and gibberellin

47
Q

Where does elongation occur?

A

only in the shoot tips

48
Q

When primary tissue development is complete, can secondary growth occur?

A

yes, only in the width, not elongated.

49
Q

How do you differentiate a stem and petiole?

A

Petiole is the stalk attaching the leaf blade to the stem

stem has a terminal bud at the top.

50
Q

What are the leaf functions? What are the 3 types of leaves?

A

1) Photosynthesis - absorbs light/ co2 and o2 release through stomata
2) Transpiration - H2O release through the stomata
3) Gas exchange - uptake of CO2 and release of O2
- through the guard cells (part of leaf epidermis)

51
Q

What happens during day/night for the stoma?

A

Opens during the day and closed at the night.

Stomata is open during the day when the guard cells actively transport (ATP) and accumulate ATP in the vacoule (hypertonic, therefore high con of solutes low water)
closed at night because the K+ will leave the guard cells and therefore the G.C will be hypotonic and water moves out which closes the G.C and minimizes h2o loss from transpiration

52
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

The changes in turgor pressure is what causes opening and closing of the stomata due to reversible uptake and loss of K+ by the guard cells

53
Q

What is the purpose of the spongy and palliside mesophyll?

A

allows free flow of gases due intercellular air space —> high surface area for gas exchange

54
Q

What hormone is responsible for the closing and opening of the stomata?

A

Abscisic acid

55
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

Continuous increase in girth of plant by by two meristems

1) vascular cambium -- secondary xylem (wood) - schlerenchyma - water and mineral transport
secondary phloem (inner bark) - sugar transport
2) cork cambium - produces the periderm (outer bark)
cork cells (lipids) replace the epidermal layer

AFTER primary growth, secondary growth may occur

56
Q

What is the function of the cork cambium?

A

Produces cork cells that contain lipids –> prevents water loss
also creates the periderm – outer bark

57
Q

What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood?

A

Heartwood = dark
Sapwood = light
Makes up the secondary xylem

58
Q

What is the bark made out of?

A

The secondary phloem and the layers of periderm
secondary phloem is the inner bark, periderm is the outer bark
vascular cambium lies between the secondary phloem and the sapwood

59
Q

How does the vascular cambium produce it’s cells?

A

The vascular cambium cell (theres more than one) will divide and produce two daughter cells and after maturation, the derivates will enlarge/elongate and differentiate into two types; either the xylem or phloem. The first cell will be the xylem and the cambium will still split into the phloem; at the end there will be one phloem, xylem and cambia and process will repeat again,

is continuous throught the season and will produce a secondary ring of xylem and phloem

60
Q

What is the function of cork cells?

A

The cork cells will eventually replace the epidermis by isolating the epidermis from nutrients; causing shedding. Primary growth must be achieved first and then secondary growth

61
Q

What are tracheids?

A

Elongated cells used for water and mineral transport

62
Q

What is the transpiration cohesion tension?

A

Tension caused by the loss of H2O by transpiration causes a water and minerals to be pulled up

Water column does not break due to the adhesion and cohesion properties of water and has no energy expenditure.

63
Q

What are sieve tubes?

A

Food conducting cell in phloems that transport sugars from source to the sink.
Source: photosynthetic mature leaf
sink: whereever the sugar is used.

at the source, sugars are transported into the s.t companion cells by active transport and the sieve tube become hypertonic as the sugar moves inwards and causes H2O to move in by osmosis and at the sink, sugars are transported out the sieve tubes which causes the sieve tube to become hydrostatic - water pressure is reduced/recycled back to the xylem

64
Q

What is transmembrane, symplast and apoplast? What is this?

A

Lateral transport in roots in cortex

Transmembrane: from cell to cell (roof to roof)
Symplast: solutes+h2o move from cell to cell via plasmodermata (like door to door)
Apoplast: extracellular/intercellular pathway involving cell wall materials
does not enter living cell and no control over substance movement

65
Q

What is the stele or vascular cylinder?

A

Endodermis

66
Q

How do roots transport minerals and water?

A

H2O and minerals enter root by the soil by root epidermis and materials can cross root cortex via the 3 roots listed above and enter the endodermis -> root xylem and shoot xylem

At the endodermis, H2O and minerals on apoplastic route are blocked by the waxy casparian strips of endodermis and must alternate transport methods (apo to symplast)

67
Q

What are the essential minerals found in plants?

A 
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Magnesium
Calcium 
Iron
Potassium

NPSMGCAFEK

68
Q

Where are hormones transported?

A

In the xylem or phloem or by faciliated diffusion (protein assisted ) to other regions of plant where the initiate response

produced in “active” growth regions

  • Apical meristems
  • young leaves, seeds, embryos, fruits and roots
69
Q

What are the six classes of hormones?

A 
Auxin
Gibberellin
Cytokinins
Ethylene
Abiscisic acid 
phospholipids
70
Q

What is phototropism?

A

growth response to light stimulus and the plant shoot will grow and bend in the dxn of the light (positive phototropism) and in result, the auxin from the S.A.M will accumulate on the shaded side so the growth can be balanced.

71
Q

Role of auxin in cell elongation?

A

Auxin increases the activity of H+ pumps and cell wall becomes more acidic and then expansins (activated by low ph) seperate cellulose microfribrills from their crosslinking polysaccharides, cell wall enzymes are activated causing plasticity

72
Q

Role of auxin in apical dominance? (one side of the stem is stronger)

A

auxin produces by the terminal bud (active s.a.m) and diffuses down the xylem parenchyma via transport proteins and high levels of auxin inhibit axillary buds from growing

cytokinin can also stimulate the axillary buds

73
Q

What is abiotic and biotic?

A

abiotic- non living

biotic - living

74
Q

what are the different levels of organization?

A

individual organisms : plants, animals, fungi

population: groups of individual of the same species
community: a unit comprising of multiple populations
ecosystem: EVERYTHING!! abiotic and biotic factors

75
Q

What is a producer?

A

Autotrophs, produce their own food

photosyntheic organisms

76
Q

What are consumers?

A

Feed off of producers..

77
Q

What are primary produces?

A

feed directly off consumers, considered herbivores

78
Q

What are secondary producers?

A

feeds on primary producers

79
Q

What are tertiary consumrs?

A

feed on either primary or secondary consumers or both

80
Q

What is an omnivore?

A

Feeds at different levels

81
Q

What are decomposers?

A

heterotrophs that obtain food from non living organic matter (detritus – dead organisms, poop, leaf litter)

very important because they break down organic materials and release nutrients for recycling (re-usable)

82
Q

Energy flow:

A

energy that moves through an ecosystem
- not recycled and energy is conserved..not 100% efficient

ex: cell resp (energy lost as heat)

energy enters the ecosystem at producer level (sunlight) and the energy will move through the diff levels– decomposition connects all the levels together

83
Q

What is primary production? and NPP?

A

NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION

gross primary production minus energy used by primary producers for plant resp

limits energy “budget” depends on the efficiency of energy harvesting of producers

visible light - only 1% is converted into chemical energy

formula: grams/meters squared/per year
greater cell respiration = less efficient

GROSS NPP = 500
NRG USED BY PRODUCERS = 300
500-300 = 200 NPP OR CONSUMERS

84
Q

What is GPP?

A

total nrg produced by 1% production

85
Q

What is nitrification?

A

conversion of ammonium

nh4+ = no2-= no3-

86
Q

What is ammoni

A

dsf

87
Q

What is ammonification?

A

through decomposers (bacteria/fungi)
decay of proteins/amino acids
prokaryotes convert back to ammonium..

88
Q

what is denitrification?

A

NO3 - convered back to its original gaseous state N2

BIO 1030 part 2 (4 decks)

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