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Physiology 3 > Vascular Phys > Flashcards

Vascular Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the blood vessel wall:

A
  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Adventitia
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2
Q

Tunica Intima contains:

A

endothelial cells

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3
Q

Tunica Media contains:

A

smooth muscles cells (for contraction)

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4
Q

Tunica Adventitia:

A

connective tissue and vasa vasorum (blood vessels)

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5
Q

Arteries have ________ vessel walls

A

thick

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6
Q

Arteries have walls that are _______ & _________

A
  • elastic
  • compliant/distensible
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7
Q

What is compliance?

A

how much volume changes in response to distending pressure

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8
Q

In high pressure vessels like arteries, blood volume is often referred to as ________ ________

A

stressed volume

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9
Q

Arteries have high velocity blood flow because __________

A

they have the smallest cross-sectional area

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10
Q

Arterioles branch off _______ & go into _________

A
  • arteries
  • capillaries
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11
Q

Vessels with the greatest resistance in the circulation are called _______

A

arterioles

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12
Q

Arterioles are control vessels - lots of _________ nerves

A

autonomic

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13
Q

What are precapillary sphincters and where are they found?

A

bands of circular smooth muscle between arterioles and capillaries; can contract and close off different capillary beds

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14
Q

What are metarterioles and where are they found?

A

anastomoses between arterioles and venules; blood bypasses capillary

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15
Q

Capillaries are sites of ________ with interstitial fluid

A

exchange

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16
Q

Capillaries are the _________ sized blood vessels and have the ________ velocity of blood flow

A

smallest; slowest (bc they have the largest cross-sectional area)

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17
Q

There is a _______ level of blood flow in the capillaries

A

low

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18
Q

3 types of capillaries

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Sinsuoidal
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19
Q

________ capillaries are the smallest; tight junctions reinforce (ex: blood brain barrier, bladder)

A

Continuous

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20
Q

________ capillaries are medium-sized; leaky with openings (ex: small intestines, kidneys, exocrine glands)

A

Fenestrated

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21
Q

________ capillaries are largest; least specific with huge openings (ex: bone marrow, spleen, liver)

A

Sinusoidal

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22
Q

_______ ________ venules allow for exchange across vessel walls

A

post-capillary

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23
Q

__________ begins at post-capillary venules

A

angiogenesis

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24
Q

venules involve _________ innervation

A

sympathetic

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25
Q

veins are ______ vessels: largest blood volume of all vessels - unstressed volume

A

capacitance

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26
Q

Highest compliance vessels are _______

A

veins

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27
Q

Vascular smooth muscle can ________ & ________ to alter venous return to the heart based on __________ innervation

A

constrict; dilate; autonomic

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28
Q

Which has the lowest pressure of all vessels?

A

veins

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29
Q

One way flow in veins depends on ________

A

valves

30
Q

________ muscle pumps necessary for flow, particularly against gravitational pressure

A

skeletal

31
Q

________ pressure on veins in feet is significant

A

gravitational

32
Q

Anytime there is a lot of pressure within a particular vessel, it stretches the _______ and ALSO the ________

A

vein; valves

33
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

valves can become so stretched that they can no longer close completely - no longer prevent backflow

34
Q

Lumens are larger in all _______ than _________

A

veins; arteries

35
Q

Where is the largest lumen located?

A

vena cava

36
Q

Distribution of blood volume (%) in different parts of the body:

  1. systemic circulation
  2. pulmonary circulation
  3. heart
A
  1. 84%
  2. 9%
  3. 7%
37
Q

At any given time, what % of blood is stored in veins

A

64%

38
Q

What are the large blood reservoirs?

A

Large abdominal veins, liver, cutaneous venous plexus (skin) and spleen (largest)

39
Q

Order cross-sectional area of vessels from largest to smallest:

A

(largest)

capillaries
venules
arterioles
vena cava
aorta

(smallest)

40
Q

Even though individual capillaries are smaller, why is their TOTAL cross-sectional area much larger?

A

They are so numerous

41
Q

Velocity of blood flow is ________ proportional to cross-sectional area

A

inversely

42
Q

Flow is _______ (speed) through capillaries and ________ (speed) in the arteries

A

slowest; fastest

43
Q

Why can slow flow be an advantage at exchange sites?

A

maximizes time available for exchange between blood & interstitial fluid

44
Q

Velocity = __________ / ___________

A

flow / cross-sectional area (π r^2)

45
Q

Throughout the vascular circuit, blood flows down a pressure gradient. This means pressure differences must ________

A

decrease

46
Q

The volume of blood passing a given point in a period of time is blood flow. What are the units?

A

ml/min

47
Q

In Ohm’s Law, Flow = ?

A

∆P/R = ∆P (πr^4) / 8nl

48
Q

Flow is driven by the _______ gradient & impeded by _______ _________

A

pressure gradient; vascular resistance

49
Q

Two types of flow in vessels:

A
  1. Laminar flow
  2. Turbulent flow
50
Q

What type of flow:

  • ideal
  • vessels are straight
  • endothelium is healthy
  • velocity of flow is always greater in center of vessel compared to outside
A

Laminar flow

51
Q

What type of flow:

  • you can hear this one
  • disorderly flow
  • MORE than 1 direction (bruits & murmurs)
  • Creates eddy currents that increase resistance and friction in the vessel
A

Turbulent flow

52
Q

Turbulent flow is more likely if:

A
  • high velocity of blood flow
  • obstructed vessels
  • sharp turns in vessels
  • endothelium is rough
53
Q

To maintain constant blood flow, pressure must __________

A

increase

54
Q

__________ __________ is the calculation of flow turbulence

A

Reynold’s Number (Re)

55
Q

What is the Renyold’s Number (Re) equation?

A

Re = (Vdp)/n

56
Q

> ________ = most likely turbulent

A

> 2000

57
Q

> _________ = always turbulent

A

> 3000

58
Q

Turbulence is directly proportional to:

A
  • Velocity of blood flow (V) - most important determinant
  • Diameter of vessel (d) - inverse to velocity
  • Density of blood (p) - amount of mass occupying space
59
Q

Turbulence is inversely proportional to:

A

Viscosity of blood (n)

60
Q

Turbulent flow increases:

A
  • energy required for drive flow
  • Increases the risk of endothelial injury & plaque development
  • increases possibility of thrombotic events
61
Q

Turbulent flow more common in _________ vessels & _________

A

atherosclerotic; anemia

62
Q

In _________, a decrease in hematocrit causes a decrease in viscosity

A

anemia

63
Q

Anemia would be expected to _________ resistance and _________ flow

A

decrease; increase

64
Q

Atherosclerosis definition =

A

narrowing of arteries decreases the radius

65
Q

Atherosclerotic vessels would _______ resistance and _________ flow

A

increase; decrease

66
Q

Small changes in vessel diameter induce ________ changes in blood flow (r is to the power of 4)

A

large

67
Q

Ejected blood distribution at rest:

Right heart =
Left heart =

A

Right heart = lungs
Left heart = all other vessels

68
Q

In the left heart, largest amount of blood goes to _______, ________, and _______

A

kidneys; gut; skeletal m.

69
Q

Smaller amount of left heart blood goes to _________

A

brain

70
Q

Smallest amount of left heart blood goes to _______ and _______

A

heart; skin

Physiology 3 (4 decks)

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