Blood & Red Blood Cells

Question 1

Components of blood:

Answer 1

1. Erythrocytes/RBCs
2. Leukocytes/WBCs
3. Thrombocytes/Platelets
4. Plasma

Question 2

Breakdown of Plasma:

Answer 2

• 92% water
• 7% proteins
• 1% inorganic & organic substances

Question 3

Water in plasma (92%) is responsible for ________ pressure

Answer 3

hydrostatic

Question 4

Proteins in plasma (7%) are responsible for _________ pressure

Answer 4

osmotic/oncotic

Question 5

________ made by the liver, carries fatty acids/vitamins throughout blood

Answer 5

Albumin

Question 6

Types of globulins in plasma:

Answer 6

alpha, beta, gamma

Question 7

made by liver, carriers for lipids

Answer 7

alpha

Question 8

made by liver, carriers for metals

Answer 8

beta

Question 9

made by plasma cells, antibodies

Answer 9

gamma

Question 10

Fibrinogen is necessary for _______ _________

Answer 10

clot formation

Question 11

Difference between serum and plasma?

Answer 11

Serum does NOT contain coagulation factors

Question 12

_________ is the % of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells

Answer 12

Hematocrit

Question 13

____________ = RBC volume / total blood volume

Answer 13

Hematocrit

Question 14

Normal hematocrit levels in women and men?

Answer 14

Women: 38%-46%
Men: 42-54%

Question 15

An increase in hematocrit will _________ resistance and _________ flow rate; it will also _________ the risk of turbulent flow

Answer 15

increase; decrease; decrease

Question 16

Erythrocyte functions

Answer 16

• Hemoglobin transport
• Contains carbonic anhydrase
• Responsible for majority of blood’s acid/base buffering

Question 17

Hemoglobin is important for transporting ______ & ______

Answer 17

O2 & CO2

Question 18

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction between _______ and _______ to form _________ and ultimately _________ (this helps with CO2 transport)

Answer 18

CO2; H20; H2CO3; HCO3-

Question 19

Erythrocyte structure?

Answer 19

Biconcave disk with large and flexible membrane

Question 20

Erythrocytes structure allows for maximal _____:_____ ______ (important for diffusion)

Answer 20

SA: Volume ratio

Question 21

Fast or slow gas exchange from erythrocytes

Answer 21

Fast

Question 22

Erythrocytes have lack of ______ & _______ (mitochondria) but retain function cytoplasmic enzymes

Answer 22

nucleus & organelles

Question 23

Functions of cytoplasmic enzymes:

Answer 23

• metabolize glucose (anaerobically)
• form ATP
• maintain ion transport
• maintain iron in ferroud state
• prevent oxidation of proteins in the RBC’s

Question 24

Site of RBC production: early gestation?

Answer 24

yolk sac

Question 25

Site of RBC production: later in gestation?

Answer 25

transitions to liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

Question 26

Site of RBC production: prior to birth?

Answer 26

transitions to bone marrow

Question 27

Younger children have primarily all _____ bone marrow

Answer 27

red

Question 28

By the age of ______, the red bone marrow transitions to _________ bone marrow

Answer 28

5; yellow

Question 29

Extra RBC reserves are stored in the _______, _______, & _______

Answer 29

liver; lung; spleen

Question 30

Blood cells begin as __________ ___________ stem cells

Answer 30

pluripotent hematopoietic (ALL circulating blood cells derive from this cell type)

Question 31

Committed stems cells are often refered to as ________ ________ ________

Answer 31

colony-forming units (CFUs)

Question 32

Stem cells are dependent on different chemicals such as ________ & ________

Answer 32

Interleukin-3; Erythropoetin

Question 33

Interleukin-3 induces _______

Answer 33

growth

Question 34

Erythropoetin (EPO) induces _________

Answer 34

differentiation

Question 35

________ are the progenitors of erythrocytes

Answer 35

CFU-Es

Question 36

_________ are formed directly from CFU-E stem cells

Answer 36

Proerythroblasts

Question 37

Proerythoblasts contain massive ________, _________, ________, & ________

Answer 37

nucleus (80%) mitochondria golgi ER

Question 38

Nucleus slightly smaller (75%) still have all organelles

Answer 38

Basophil erythroblasts

Question 39

Polychromatophil erythoblasts:

Answer 39

increases amount of hemoglobin (color change)

Question 40

What is the highest functioning erythrocyte?

Answer 40

Polychromatophil erythroblasts

Question 41

More hemoglobin present, nucleus is expelled

Answer 41

Orthochromatic erythroblasts

Question 42

No nucleus but still has some organelles; this is the form that exits the bone marrow

Answer 42

Reticulocytes

Question 43

What converts to erythrocytes once it loses the remainder of its organelles?

Answer 43

Reticulocytes

Question 44

Within blood stream, no nucleus or organelles

Answer 44

Erythrocytes

Question 45

_________ _________ controls RBC production

Answer 45

Tissue oxygenation

Question 46

increases RBC production

Answer 46

Hypoxia (decreased O2 delivery to tissues)

Question 47

Hypoxia (increases RBC production by increasing production of erythropoietin (EPO)