Vascular Pathology and Cellular Injury Flashcards
1
Q
Ischemia
A
- Loss of blood supply to a tissue because of a blocked vessel
2
Q
Infarction
A
- Necrosis secondary to ischaemia
- Mainly in arterial system but can occur in venous
3
Q
White Infarct
A
- Obstruction in arterial supply to a tissue
4
Q
Red Infarct
A
- Obstruction in venous drainage of an organ or tissue
- Congestion, increased pressure leading to rupture of small vessels
- Dual blood supply or reperfusion injury
5
Q
Virchows Triad
A
- Alterations in blood flow (stasis): plays an important role in both venous and arterial thrombosis
- Hypercoagulability: plays greater role in venous thrombosis than arterial thrombosis
- Damage to endothelium: plays a greater role in arterial thrombosis
6
Q
Alterations in blood flow (stasis)
A
- Turbulence: aneurysms, over atherosclerotic plaques
- Slowing: restricted motility in elderly, post surgery
7
Q
Hypercoagulability
A
- Obesity
- Dehydration
- Post operative
8
Q
Damage to endothelium
A
- Inflammation
- Infection
- Atherosclerosis
- Smoking
9
Q
Types of Thrombi
A
- Arterial thrombi: mainly caused by atherosclerosis
- Cardiac thrombi
- Venous thrombi
10
Q
Thrombus vs Embolus
A
- Thrombus: blood clot that forms within an artery or vein
- Embolus: clot or other material that travels from site of formation
11
Q
Atherosclerosis: Risk Factors
A
- Smoking
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Age
- Male
12
Q
Atherosclerosis
A
- a disease caused by the formation of plaques on the walls of ARTERIES
- Plaques consist of: central lipid core (cholesterol) and fibrous cap
- Chronic inflammatory response
13
Q
Atherosclerosis Pathogenesis
A
Response to injury hypothesis:
- Chronic endothelial injury yields in increase in permeability causing WBC adhesions and thrombotic potential
- Insudation of lipoproteins (LDLs) into the intima of the vessel wall
- Blood monocytes adhere and migrate into intima transforming into macrophages, engulfing lipid and becoming foam cells
- Platelets adhere
- Activated platelets, foam cells and vascular cells release cytokines and growth factors causing migration of smooth muscle cells from media into the intima
- The SM cells proliferate, exposing ECM and accumulation of collagen and proteoglycans
- More lipid accumulates - fibrofatty atheroma
14
Q
Where does atherosclerosis occur?
A
- Elastic arteries
- Large and medium muscular arteries
15
Q
Atherosclerosis: Outcomes
A
- Predisposition to thrombosis on plaques
- Bleeding into a plaque
- Weakening of vessel wall -> aneurysms formation
