VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS GALLERY Flashcards
What are the parts of the AVM
Graphic depicts AVM nidus with intranidal aneurysm , feeding artery (“pedicle”) aneurysm , and enlarged draining veins
Dx?
NECT scan (upper left) and CTA images in a patient with spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage demonstrate an underlying AVM . Approximately 15% of AVMs are infratentorial
Describe the classic MRI findings of AVM
Axial T1WI in a 32-yearold man with headache shows a classic wedge-shaped left parietal AVM with multiple serpentine “flow voids” .
A few linear foci of T1 shortening represent thrombosed vessels within the nidus. T2WI in the same patient nicely demonstrates the wedge of “flow voids” . The broad base toward the cortex with apex pointing toward the lateral ventricle is a typical configuration for
brain AVMs.
FLAIR findings of AVM
FLAIR scan demonstrates minimal hyperintensity within and around the AVM , suggesting small foci of gliotic brain.. T1 C+ scan shows some linear and serpentine areas of enhancement that are mostly in draining veins.
What is your dx?
DSA of selective internal carotid angiogram in a patient with cerebral proliferative angiopathy shows
innumerable dilated vascular spaces with no dominant feeding arteries
Describe the parts of the DAVF
Graphic depicts dAVF with thrombosed transverse sinus with multiple tiny arteriovenous in the
dural wall . Lesion is mostly supplied by transosseous feeders from the external carotid artery
What is your dx?
Contrast-enhanced MRA source image shows dural sinus thrombosis , multiple enhancing vascular channels characteristic of posterior fossa dAVF. . MRA in the same patient shows innumerable tiny feeding arteries supplying a dAVF at the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction. The sinus has partially recanalized , and the distal sigmoid sinus and jugular bulb are partially opacified
What is your dx?
Autopsy case of direct CCF with dissection of the cavernous sinus (CS) and adjacent structures shows
that the right CS is enlarged by numerous dilated vascular channels
What is shown?
Clinical photograph of a patient with a CCF shows numerous enlarged scleral vessels . 7-17. CECT
scan shows classic findings of CCF. The right cavernous sinus is enlarged , and the ipsilateral superior
ophthalmic vein is more than 4 times the size of the left superior ophthalmic vein
Describe the MRI
T2WI shows typical MR findings of CCF with an enlarged right cavernous sinus containing numerous abnormal “flow voids” . Lateral DSA in a case of direct CCF in a 21-year-old woman with multiple skull base fractures shows that the ICA narrows before terminating in a large venous pouch . High-pressure venous reflux into the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins and the sphenoparietal sinus is present.
What is shown?
Pial AVF with slightly enlarged ACA branches connecting to a venous varix , dilated cortical
draining vein .
Describe the draining vessels of the AVF
Coronal T1 C+ scan shows a pial AVF in the posterior fossa. A small cerebellar artery connects
directly to a venous pouch , which in turn drains into a subependymal vein near the fourth
ventricle.
What is shown?
Graphic illustrates vein of Galen malformation. Enlarged choroid arteries drain directly into
dilated median prosencephalic vein (MPV) , falcine sinus . Torcular herophili (venous sinus
confluence) is massively enlarged.
What is the dx?
CECT scan in a newborn demonstrates a massive VGAM draining into an enlarged falcine sinus
, causing obstructive hydrocephalus
What is shown?
CECT, CTA depict classic DVA in the left cerebellar hemisphere
Where do the veins collect?
T1 C+ scan shows a classic DVA with enlarged WM veins and a collector vein draining into the anterior aspect of the superior sagittal sinus. SWI scan shows the DVA and collector vein as hypointense structures clearly different in configuration from the normal cortical veins. A focal hemorrhage adjacent to the left frontal horn is secondary to a small cavernous malformation. DVAs are often
histologically mixed lesions.
Describe the medullary veins
3D SSD demonstrates a classic DVA with enlarged medullary veins draining into the collector vein
. The appearance resembles a “Medusa head,” “upside-down willow tree” or “umbrella.”
What is shown?
T2WI shows classic “popcorn ball” appearance with locules of blood in different stages of evolution
surrounded by hemosiderin rim
What type of Cavernoma is shown?
Zabramski type 1 CCM is illustrated. (Left) T1WI shows that the lesion is hyperintense and surrounded by a hypointense hemosiderin rim .
(Right) T2* GRE scan shows “blooming” hypointensity both around and within the lesion. Microscopic section from the resected specimen in the same case shows a blood-filled cavity surrounded by thin endothelium-lined vascular channels
What type of Cavernoma is shown?
T2WI in a patient with multiple cerebral cavernous malformations shows a large left frontal lesion
with a fluid-fluid level . Multiple other hypointense lesions are present . 7-42B. T2* SWI shows
innumerable “blooming black dots” characteristic of Zabramski type 4 CCM (punctate microhemorrhages).
T2* scans are much more sensitive than FSE T2WI in depicting field inhomogeneities
What is shown?
Series of images demonstrates classic findings of pontine capillary telangiectasia. Axial T1WI is normal. Axial T2WI in the same patient likewise shows no abnormality.
FLAIR scan shows faint patchy hyperintensity in the pons. T2* GRE scan shows susceptibility effect with grayish hypointensity in the mid pons
What is your dx?
T1 C+ scan shows the brush-like faint enhancement that is characteristic of capillary telangiectasia. 7-47F. DTI fiber tracking is normal. The transverse pontine fibers cross undisturbed through the lesion
This figure is characteristic of?
(Top) Axial and (bottom) coronal T1 C+ scans show that the lesion enhances in a brush-like fashion. A prominent central draining vein is present . Imaging findings are characteristic of capillary telangiectasia
A patient with a history of whole brain radiation 5 years earlier for a WHO grade III anaplastic astrocytoma developed seizures. T2* GRE scan shows multiple “blooming” hypointensities.
T2* SWI scan in the same patient shows innumerable punctate microhemorrhages. Findings are
consistent with radiation-induced capillary telangiectasias
By convention, the extracranial ICA—which
normally has no named branches in the neck—is designated as the________
C1 (cervical) segment
C2 (PETROUS) ICA SEGMENT. The C2 (petrous) segment is contained within the carotid canal of the temporal bone
and is L-shaped (8-1). As it enters the skull at the exocranial opening of the carotid canal, the ICA lies just in front
of the______
internal jugular vein
What are the branches of C2
The vidian artery, also known as the artery of the pterygoid canal, anastomoses with branches of the external carotid artery (ECA). The caroticotympanic artery is a small ICA branch that supplies the middle ear
The _________is a short segment that lies just above the foramen lacerum and extends from the petrous apex to the cavernous sinus
C3 (lacerum) segment
What are the parts of the C4 segment
In order, these are (1) a short posterior ascending (vertical) segment, (2) the posterior genu, (3) a longer horizontal segment, (4) an anterior genu, and (5) an anterior vertical ascending (subclinoid) segment.
What are the branches of the C4 segment?
The meningohypophyseal trunk arises from the posterior genu, supplying the pituitary gland, tentorium, and clival dura.
The inferolateral trunk (ILT) arises from the lateral aspect of the intracavernous ICA and supplies cranial nerves and CS dura
The __________is a short interdural segment that lies between the proximal and distal dural rings of the CS. It terminates as the ICA exits the CS and enters the cranial cavity adjacent to the anterior clinoid process
C5 (clinoid) segment
The ________is the first ICA segment that lies wholly within the subarachnoid space
C6 (ophthalmic) segment
What are the branches of the C6 segment?
The ophthalmic artery (OA) arises from the anterosuperior aspect of the ICA, then passes anteriorly through the optic canal together with CN II. The OA has extensive anastomoses with ECA branches in and around the orbit and lacrimal gland.
The superior hypophyseal artery arises from the posterior aspect of the C6 ICA segment and supplies the anterior pituitary lobe (adenohypophysis) and infundibular
stalk as well as the optic chiasm.
________is the last ICA segment and extends from just below the PCoA origin to the terminal ICA bifurcation into the ACA and MCA. As it courses posterosuperiorly,
the ICA passes between the optic and oculomotor nerves
The C7 (communicating) segment
What are the branches of C7
The PCoA joins the anterior to the posterior circulation. A number of perforating arteries arise from the PCoA to supply the basal brain structures including the
hypothalamus.
The anterior choroidal artery (AChA) arises one or two millimeters above the PCoA and initially courses
posteromedially, then turns laterally in the suprasellar cistern to enter the choroidal fissure of the temporal horn.
What are the three ICA vascular anomalies?
Three important ICA vascular anomalies must be recognized on imaging studies: An aberrant ICA (AbICA), a
persistent stapedial artery, and an embryonic carotidbasilar anastomosis
A ____________is the most common COW
variant and occurs in one-quarter to onethird of all cases
hypoplastic or absent PCoA
The ___________also termed the horizontal or A1 segment, extends medially over the optic chiasm and nerves to the midline where it is joined to the contralateral ACA by the anterior communicating artery (ACoA).
first ACA segment,
Branches of the A1 segment
The medial lenticulostriate arteries pass superiorly through the anterior perforated substance to supply the medial basal ganglia.
The recurrent artery of Heubner arises from the distal A1 or proximal A2 ACA segment and curves
The _________segment courses superiorly in the interhemispheric fissure, extending from the A1-ACoA junction to the corpus callosum rostrum
A2 or vertical ACA
The A2 segment has two cortical branches, the _______ and ___________that supply the undersurface and inferomedial aspect
of the frontal lobe.
orbitofrontal and frontopolar arteries,
The A3 ACA segment curves anteriorly around the corpus callosum genu, then divides into the two terminal ACA branches, the_______ and ________
pericallosal and callosomarginal arteries
Two uncommon but important ACA anomalies:
An infraoptic A1 occurs when the horizontal segment passes below (not above) the optic nerve. An infraoptic A1 is associated with a highprevalence (40%) of aneurysms.
A single midline or azygous ACA is seen with the holoprosencephaly spectrum.
The most important branches of the M1 segment
The lateral lenticulostriate arteries supply the lateral putamen, caudate nucleus, and external capsule The anterior temporal artery supplies the tip of the temporal lobe.
The post-bifurcation MCA trunks turn posterosuperiorly in the sylvian fissure, following a gentle curve (the genu or “knee” of the MCA)
What segment?
M2 (INSULAR) SEGMENTS
The MCA branches loop at or near the top of the sylvian fissure, then course laterally under the parts (“opercula”) of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes that hang over and enclose the sylvian fissure.
It has 3 segments
M3 (OPERCULAR) SEGMENTS
Where is the P1 segment and what are its branches?
The P1 segment lies above the oculomotor nerve (CN III) and has perforating branches (the posterior thalamoperforating arteries) that course posterosuperiorly in the interpeduncular fossa to enter the undersurface of the midbrain.
Where is the P2 segment located?
The P2 segment extends from the P1-PCoA junction, running in the ambient
(perimesencephalic) cistern as it sweeps posterolaterally around the midbrain. The P2 segment lies above the
tentorium and the cisternal segment of the trochlear nerve (CN IV
What are the branches of P2
Two major cortical branches—the anterior and posterior temporal arteries—arise from the P2 PCA segment and pass laterally toward the inferior surface of the
temporal lobe
________segment terminates within the calcarine fissure, where it divides into two
terminal PCA trunks
P4 (CALCARINE) SEGMENT. The P4
Variant of the PCA
the proximal PCA arises from the internal carotid
artery instead of from the basilar bifurcation.
“fetal” origin of the PCA
A rare but important PCA variant is an ____________________Here a single dominant thalamoperforating
artery arises from the P1 segment and supplies the rostral midbrain and bilateral medial thalami
artery of Percheron (AOP).
The most specific but least sensitive sign is a hyperattenuating vessel filled with acute thrombus (8-33). A “dense
MCA” sign is seen in _______of cases with documented M1 occlusion
30%
In CVD
Blurring and indistinctness of gray-white matter (GM-WM) interfaces can be seen in 50-70% of cases within the first
three hours following occlusion (8-37B). Loss of the insular cortex ___________ sign and decreased density of
the basal ganglia__________ sign are the most common findings
(“insular ribbon” sign)
(“disappearing basal ganglia” sign)
CECT may show enhancing vessels if _____________via collaterals over the vascular watershed zone is present.
slow antegrade flow or retrograde filling
_________depicts the effect of vessel occlusion on the brain parenchyma itself. It can also be used to predict potential benefit after thrombolysis.
Perfusion CT
pCT has three major parameters:
Cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and mean transit time
(MTT)
The densely ischemic infarct core—the irreversibly injured brain—shows matched reduction in both_______
The infarct core is seen as a _________that contrasts with the normally perfused red/yellow
brain
CBV and CBF.
dark blue/purple or black area
An ischemic penumbra with potentially salvageable tissue is seen as a “mismatch” between markedly reduced CBV
in the infarcted core and a surrounding area (penumbra) characterized by________
decreased CBF with normal CBV
FLAIR-DWI “mismatch”(negative FLAIR, positive DWI) has been suggested as a quick indicator of_______ and ______
viable ischemic penumbra and eligibility
for thrombolysis.
Intraarterial thrombus can sometimes be detected as ___________on T2* (GRE, SWI) studies
“blooming” hypointensity
Signs of vessel occlusion on DSA
Frequent findings
include an abrupt vessel “cut-off”, “meniscus” sign, tapered or “rat-tail” narrowing, or
“tram-track” appearance with a trickle of contrast around the intraluminal thrombus
UTZ findings of increase risk for stroke?
Carotid artery intima-media thickness as measured by Doppler US has been identified as a marker
for large artery disease, which in turn is correlated with increased stroke risk.
findings of acute stroke in DWI
> 95% restriction within minutes
o Hyperintense on DWI
o Hypointense on ADC map
What is shown?
Intracranial ICA, branches. The C2 (petrous) segment is long and L-shaped. C3 is a short segment between C2 and the cavernous ICA (C4) . C5 is the last extradural segment. Posterior , anterior genua of C4 are shown
What is formed in this figure?
Lateral DSA shows all ICA segments. The C4 (cavernous) segment has both a posterior and an anterior genu. Together, they form the angio-DSA carotid “siphon
Determine the parts of the ACA
Graphic shows the relationship of the ACA to the underlying brain. A2 segment ascends in front of
the third ventricle. A3 curves around corpus callosum genu. Pericallosal , callosomarginal arteries
are the major terminal ACA branches. 8-16. Sagittal midline MIP of CTA shows A2 segments of both
ACAs ascending in the interhemispheric fissure in front of the third ventricle, A3 segments curving
around the corpus callosum genu
What arte the segments of the MCA
Submentovertex graphic depicts the MCA and its relationship to adjacent structures. Note the
horizontal (M1) segment and the genu with bifurcation into M2 branches. 8-20. Coronal graphic
shows the lateral lenticulostriate arteries , M2 segments over the insula , M3 segments running
laterally in the sylvian fissure, M4 (cortical) branches coursing over the lateral surface of the
hemisphere
What is shown?
Submentovertex graphic shows the PCA segments and their relationship to the midbrain. P1 , P2 , P3 segments are shown. P4 segments (cortical branches) ramify over the occipital and inferior temporal lobes. 8-24. Lateral graphic depicts the PCA above and the superior cerebellar artery
below the oculomotor nerve . Perforating , choroidal , and cortical PCA branches are also shown.
What is shown?
The same case shows swollen, “blurred” insular cortex compared to the opposite normal side
What sign is shown?
CTA in the same patient shows an abrupt “cutoff” with a meniscus of contrast in the proximal
left MCA. Contrast in the distal M2 and M3 segments is caused by slow retrograde collateral flow from
pial branches of the ACA across the watershed to M4 (cortical) branches . 8-37D. Left carotid DSA, AP
view, in the same patient shows abrupt “cut-off” of the left M1 MCA segment
Describe the CBF and CBV
CBF in the same patient shows markedly reduced blood flow to the entire right MCA distribution
with the most profound deficit in the right basal ganglia . The CBV/CBF “mismatch” in the cortex
represents a large ischemic penumbra surrounding the densely ischemic basal ganglia. 8-38D. MTT shows
that blood flow to the right MCA distribution is slow with markedly prolonged transit time.
Describe the MRI findings in a pt post thrombolysis
Intraarterial thrombolytics were administered because of the large ischemic penumbra. MR obtained
24 hours later shows very hyperintense basal ganglia with mildly swollen, hyperintense gyri in the MCA
distribution . Note the hyperintense vessel indicating slow flow. 8-38F. DWI in the same patient
shows acute restriction in the right basal ganglia with scattered foci of cortical ischemia
Describe MRI of pt with acute stroke
Acute stroke in a 47-year-old man shows patchy hyperintensity in the left caudate nucleus, lateral
putamen, and parietal cortex. Note multiple linear foci of intravascular hyperintensity , consistent with
slow flow in the MCA distribution. 8-41B. T2* GRE scan shows several linear hypointensities in the
affected MCA branches, consistent with hemoglobin deoxygenation caused by slow, stagnating arterial blood
flow
What MRI sequence is shown?
DWI in the same patient shows multiple patchy foci of diffusion restriction , consistent with
acute cerebral infarct. 8-41D. Axial source image from 2D TOF MRA shows normal signal intensity in the
right MCA and both ACA branches but no flow in the left MCA vessels
What is shown in this pt with subacute stroke
FLAIR (left) and GRE (right) in the same case show hemorrhagic transformation in this example
of subacute stroke
Determine the age of the CVD
T1 C+ FS scan in the same patient shows intense enhancement characteristic of subacute
infarction
What effect is shown in this pt with subacute stroke
T2 “fogging effect” (left) indicates R PCA infarct is almost isointense, but it enhances strongly on
T1 C+ (right). Subacute stroke
What are differentiated?
(L) T2WI shows hyperintensity in the same distribution. (R) FLAIR shows the difference between
encephalomalacia , gliosis
NECT scan in a patient with infected mitral valve, decreasing mental status
(Left) NECT scan in a patient with infected mitral valve, decreasing mental status shows 2 hemorrhagic foci at the GM-WM junctions of both occipital lobes. (Right)
Scan through the corona radiata shows additional hemorrhagic foci . Findings suggest multiple septic emboli. 8-51B. DWI shows multiple foci of restricted diffusion at the GM-WM junctions of both hemispheres. Multiple embolic
septic infarcts
What pattern is shown?
Axial FLAIR scan in a 68-year-old man who became confused and then comatose the day after a total
hip replacement shows multifocal hyperintensities
Axial FLAIR scan in a 68-year-old man who became confused and then comatose the day after a total
hip replacement shows multifocal hyperintensities in the subcortical and deep cerebral white matter.
8-53B. DWI shows innumerable tiny foci of diffusion restriction in the deep cerebral white matter , the
“star field” pattern characteristic of cerebral fat embolism syndrome.
What is shown?
Axial FLAIR scan in a 68-year-old man who became confused and then comatose the day after a total
hip replacement shows multifocal hyperintensities in the subcortical and deep cerebral white matter.
8-53B. DWI shows innumerable tiny foci of diffusion restriction in the deep cerebral white matter , the
“star field” pattern characteristic of cerebral fat embolism syndrome. “border zones” represent confluence of all 3 major vessels. Yellow lines indicate the internal (deep
WM) WS zone between perforating arteries, major territorial vessels
What is the dx?
T2WI shows an absent “flow void” in the right cavernous ICA . The left ICA appears normal ,
yet this is the symptomatic side. 8-59D. 2D TOF MRA image findings explain the patient’s symptoms. (L) Left
ICA demonstrates a “flow gap” characteristic of high-grade carotid stenosis. (R) Right ICA is occluded,
with “rat tail” narrowing . Classic bilateral deep internal watershed zone hypoperfusion ischemia.
What is shown?
Coronal autopsy specimen from a premature neonate shows grade III germinal matrix hemorrhage
with extension into an adjacent lateral ventricle
What is shown?
Sagittal ultrasound in a premature infant demonstrates gray matter hemorrhage, seen as an echogenic
focus in the caudothalamic notch
What is shown in this 26 week old baby
Oblique transfontanelle ultrasound in a 26-week premature infant shows periventricular
hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI) with extension into the lateral ventricles
What is shown?
Sagittal T1WI shows end-stage cystic encephalomalacia in a term infant imaged 5 weeks after
profound birth asphyxia.
Describe TTP findings
TTP study is even more striking. The abnormal side is NOT the right MCA distribution (green) but is the left side (blue) where the TTP is markedly shortened. T2WI shows gyral swelling, sulcal effacement, and hyperintensity in the left temporal and parietooccipital cortex/subcortical white matter , basal ganglia . DWI (not shown) was normal. Post-carotid endarterectomy hyperperfusion
syndrome
What artery has been infarcted?
FLAIR scan in a patient with artery of Percheron infarct shows both medial thalami infarcts
The intracranial venous system has two major components,
1
2
the dural venous sinuses and the cerebral veins
The dural venous sinuses are subdivided into an anteroinferior group and a posterosuperior group. Theposterosuperior group is the more prominent and consists of the:
superior sagittal sinus (SSS),
inferior sagittal sinus (ISS),
straight sinus (SS),
sinus confluence (torcular herophili),
transverse sinuses (TSs), sigmoid sinuses, and jugular
bulbs.
The anteroinferior group of the dural venous sinus consists of the:
cavernous sinus (CS), superior and inferior petrosal sinuses (SPSs, IPSs),
clival venous plexus (CVP), and sphenoparietal sinus (SphPS).
The dural sinuses frequently contain arachnoid granulations (AGs), also known as:
pacchionian granulations
___________are CSF-containing projections that extend from the subarachnoid space (SAS) into dural venous sinuses
Arachnoid granulations
While AGs can occur in all dural venous sinuses, the most common locations are the_____ and _________
sinus. The cavernous sinus is a relatively uncommon site.
transverse and superior sagittal
The ___________is a large, curvilinear sinus that parallels the inner calvarial vault. It originates from ascending frontal
veins anteriorly and runs in the midline at the junction of the falx cerebri with the calvaria
SSS
Filling defects—_____________—within the SSS are common findings on imaging studies.
AGs and fibrous septa
When present, a ________ AND ___________is both a sensitive and specific sign of cerebral venous occlusive disease in NECT
hyperattenuating vein (“cord” sign) or dural venous sinus (“dense triangle” sign)
In 70% of cases, CECT scans show an_______sign caused by enhancing dura surrounding nonenhancing
thrombus
“empty delta”
Appearance of acute sinus thrombosis
Acute DST appears isointense with the underlying
cortex on T1WI
What sinuses are shown?
Graphic shows the numerous interconnections among the cavernous sinuses , clival venous plexus , sphenoparietal sinuses , and the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
What veins are shown?
Lateral graphic depicts the superficial cortical veins. The 3 named anastomotic veins—Trolard ,
Labbé , and the superficial middle cerebral vein —are depicted. One or two of the superficial
cortical veins are usually dominant
Describe the venous drainage
Superficial parts of the brain (cortex, subcortical white matter) are drained by cortical veins and superior sagittal sinus (shown in green).
Central core brain structures (basal ganglia, most white matter, ventricles) are drained by the deep venous system (ICVs, vein of Galen, straight sinus) (red).
The veins of Labbé and the transverse sinuses drain the posterior temporal, inferior parietal lobes (yellow).
The sphenoparietal, cavernous sinuses drain the area around the sylvian fissures (purple
What is shown?
Gross photograph from the same case shows “currant jelly” clot in the SSS , cortical veins .
A 23-year-old woman with “migraine headache.”
First NECT scan (left) was called normal. Note
hyperdense thrombus in left TS . CT 1 day later (right) shows vein of Labbé thrombosis and large
hemorrhagic infarct
What is shown?
NECT in another patient shows hyperdense thrombus in the SS and SSS with bilateral edema
, hematomas, and convexal SAH .
What sign is shown?
Axial source image from a CTV shows the classic “empty delta” sign formed by enhancing dura surrounding nonenhancing thrombus in the superior axial sinus.
9-21. Coronal T1 C+ scan in a patient with SSS and bilateral TS occlusions demonstrates the “empty delta” sign. Note prominent sulcal enhancement , caused by collateral venous drainage. Original—incorrect—diagnosis was meningitis
Which veins are occluded?
AP view, venous phase, of vertebrobasilar DSA in a patient with occlusion of the left TS and
sigmoid sinus . Note clot in adjacent tentorial vein
Which vessels are thrombosed?
Axial T1 C+ FS scan shows the nonenhancing thrombus in the right TS surrounded by the intensely enhancing dura.
The left TS shows an ovoid filling defect with CSF intensity containing a linear central enhancing vein . Findings are characteristic of an arachnoid granulation.
9-25F. Axial MIP of 3D TOF MRV shows nonfilling of the right transverse and sigmoid sinuses. The 2 ovoid filling defects in the left TS are arachnoid granulations
What is the age of the thrombus?
Late subacute SSS thrombosis shows “empty delta” sign and hyperintense thrombus
What is the age of the thrombus
Chronic SSS occlusion shows prominent “squiggly” parenchymal veins on T1 C+ and “flow voids” on
SWI
What sign is shown?
NECT scan shows obvious SSS thrombus with a hyperdense “cord” sign
Which vein is infracted?
A 46-year-old man with a family history of brain tumors presented in the ED with headache followed by a first-time seizure
. NECT scan shows a hypodense lesion involving both the cortex and subcortical white matter of the right parietal convexity. Note patchy petechial hemorrhage within the lesion. 9- 33B.
MR scan with SWI in the same patient shows isolated thrombosis of the right vein of Trolard . The
superior sagittal sinus is normal
NECT scan in a 79-year-old aphasic man imaged for “brain attack”
shows hyperdensity in both ICVs
, VofG , and SS . Note hypodensity in both anterior thalami with indistinct gray-white
matter interfaces.
What is shown?
Sagittal T1WI in the same patient shows lack of normal “flow voids” with isointense clot present in the ICVs , VofG , and SS .
9-38B. Axial T2* GRE scan shows clot with “blooming” hypointensity in the ICVs , VofG , and SS . Note hypointensity caused by venous congestion with slow flow in the medial thalamic and deep WM medullary veins
What sinus is thrombosed?
CECT source image from CTA in a 28-year-old man with polytrauma shows filling defects in the left cavernous sinus .
The affected CS has a lightly convex lateral margin compared to the normal right
CS . 9-39B. Coronal CTA in the same patient shows occlusion of the left cavernous ICA . The left CS
remains unopacified because it is filled with thrombus . Compare this to the normal right CS
What sinus has been occluded?
A 5-year-old boy with sinus infection, fever, headache, and periorbital swelling presented to the ED. CECT scan shows proptosis with periorbital edema and ethmoid sinusitis with air-fluid level in the sphenoid sinus.
The cavernous sinuses and both superior ophthalmic veins are filled with nonenhancing thrombus.
9-40B. Axial T2WI in the same patient shows the ethmoid sinusitis and multiple enlarged intraorbital veins .
What kind of MRI is shown?
MR venogram in a 22-year-old woman shows a dominant right TS. The left TS shows a “missing”
segment , possible filling defect .
What can you say about the sinuses?
Axial MP-RAGE shows hypoplastic but patent left TS , small sigmoid sinus .
Is there thrombosis?
NECT scan in a normal newborn infant. The combination of the unmyelinated hypodense brain and the physiologically elevated hematocrit makes the deep veins and dural sinuses appear hyperdense,
mimicking thrombosis
