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Z YEAR 2 BRS CARDIO > Vascular Endothelium > Flashcards

Vascular Endothelium Flashcards

1
Q

Where do 98% of endothelial cells reside?

A

Within the microvasculature

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2
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A
  1. Tunica adventitia
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica intima
    (Except for capillaries and venules)
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3
Q

What does the tunica adventitia include?

A
  • Vasa vasorum

- Nerves

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4
Q

What does the tunica media include?

A

Smooth muscle cells

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5
Q

Whartdoes the tunica intima include?

A

Endothelium

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6
Q

How are capillaries and venules formed?

A
  • Only by endothelium
  • Supported by some mural cells (pericytes)
  • A basement membrane
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7
Q

What happens at capillaries?

A

exchanges of nutrients and oxygen between blood and tissues

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8
Q

What does the microvascular endothelium promote?

A

tissue homeostasis

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9
Q

What can damage to the endothelium cause?

A

Organ dysfunction

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10
Q

What is the microvascular endothelium a source of?

A

angiocrine factors

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11
Q

What are angiocrine factors for the maintenance of?

A
  • tissue homeostasis

- organ regeneration

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12
Q

What does a dysfunctional endothelium contribute to?

A 
Disease more than any other organ e.g. 
•Ischemia 
•Chronic inflammatory diseases 
•Cancer
•Diabetes
-Atherosceleoris
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13
Q

What are examples of organs with tissue-specific microvasculature?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Lung
  3. Liver
  4. Kidney
  5. Brain
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14
Q

What do endothelial cells and microvasculature have?

A

organotypic (tissue specific) properties and expression profiles

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15
Q

What is the barrier that the endothelium creates?

A

separates blood from tissues

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16
Q

What is the surface area of endothelial cells?

A

> 1000 m2

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17
Q

What is the weight of endothelial cells?

A

weight >100 g

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18
Q

What are endothelial cells like?

A
  1. very flat
  2. about 1-2 µm thick
  3. 10-20 µm in diameter
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19
Q

How are the endothelial cells lining the vascular system formed?

A

by a monolayer of endothelial cells, one cell deep (contact inhibition)

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20
Q

Why is contact inhibition unique?

A

only epithelial and endothelial cells that do this (2D)

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21
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

Process when the junction of two cells come together and form junctions and tell each cells to stop growing

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22
Q

What happens to endothelial cells in vivo?

A
  • live a long life

- low proliferation rate (unless new vessels are required: angiogenesis)

23
Q

What sort of functions does the endothelium control of blood vessels and tissues?

A
  1. Vascular tone
  2. Angiogenesis
  3. Permeability
  4. Inflammation
  5. Homeostasis and thrombosis
24
Q

What does it mean that endothelial cells are heterogenous?

A

their function and phenotype depends on their location

25
Q

How do endothelial cells affect inflammation?

A
  • Adhestion molecules

- Inflammatory mediators

26
Q

What are examples of some adhesion molecules?

A
  1. ICAMs
  2. VCAM
  3. Selectins
27
Q

What are examples of some inflammatory mediators?

A
  1. Interleukins 1, 6, 8
  2. Leukontrienes
  3. MHC II
28
Q

How do endothelial cells affect vascular permeability and tone?

A
  • Vasodilator factors

- Vasoconstricting factors

29
Q

What are examples of vasodilator factors?

A
  1. Nitric oxide

2. Prostacyclin

30
Q

What are examples of vasoconstricting factors?

A
  1. ACE
  2. Thromboxane A2
  3. Leukotrienes
  4. Free radicals
  5. Endothelin
31
Q

How does endothelial cells affect angiogenesis?

A
  • growth factors

- matrix products

32
Q

What are examples of growth factors?

A
  1. Insulin like growth factor
  2. Transforming growth factor
  3. Colony stimulating factor
33
Q

How do endothelial cells affect thrombosis and haemostasis?

A
  • Procoagulant factors

- Anti-thrombotic factors

34
Q

What are examples of antithrombotic factors?

A
  1. Prostacyclin
  2. Thrombomodulin
  3. Antithrombin
  4. Plasminogen activator
  5. Heparin
35
Q

What are examples of procoagulant factors?

A
  1. Von willebrand factor
  2. Thromboxane A2
  3. Thromboplastin
  4. Factor V
  5. platelet activating factor
  6. Plasminogen activator inhibitor
36
Q

What are examples of matrix factors?

A
  1. fibronectin
  2. laminin
  3. collagen
  4. proteoglycans
  5. proteases
37
Q

What pathways are switches on in resting endothelium?

A

anti-pathways

38
Q

What are the pathways?

A
  1. Anti-inflammatory
  2. Anti-thrombotic
  3. Anti-proliferative
39
Q

What happens when the endothelium is activated?

A

Balance switches to pro-pathways

40
Q

What are the pro-pathways?

A
  1. Pro-inflammatory
  2. Pro-thrombotic
  3. Pro-angiogenic
41
Q

What are some risk factors for atherolecelrosis that lead to chronic activation of the endothelium?

A
  1. Mechanical stress
  2. Viruses
  3. Smoking
  4. Inflammation
  5. High blood pressure
  6. OxLDL
  7. High glucose
42
Q

What does chronic activation of the endothelium lead to?

A
  1. Thrombosis
  2. Senescence
  3. Leukocytes recruitment
  4. Permeability
    LEADS to atherosclerosis
43
Q

What is the first step in pathogenesis of atherosceleorsis?

A
  1. Initial injury caused by risk factors results in activation of endothelium
  2. Causes an increase in endothelial permeability, increase in the regulation of the systems that promote adhesion of leukocytes
  3. which should not stick and just flow
44
Q

What happens to these leukocytes in the pathogenesis of atheroscelerosis?

A

Leukocytes that adhere tend to migrate into sub-endothelial space

45
Q

What does this accumulation of leukocytes result in in pathogenesis of atheroscelerosis?

A
  1. accumulation of leukocytes into the sub endothelial space
    2 phagocytosis of the lipids there results in foam cell formation
  2. process slowly evolves towards formation of advanced complicated lesion of atheroscelerosis
46
Q

What does this advanced complicated lesion of atheroscelerosis lead to in the pathogenesis of atherosceleoris?

A
  1. more and more macrophage accumulate
  2. therefore necrotic core is formed
  3. becomes a chronic inflammatory lesion
  4. even stimulates the formation of angiogenesis from the vast vasorum in the tissue
47
Q

What is some stimuli of endothelial cell dysfunction in atherogenesis?

A
  1. Hypercholesterolaemia
  2. Diabetes mellitus/metabloic syndrome
  3. Hypertension
  4. Sex hormone imbalance
  5. Ageing
  6. Oxidative stress
  7. Pro-inflmmatory cytokines
  8. Infectious agents
  9. Environmental toxins
  10. Haemodyanmic forces
48
Q

What is an example of hypercholesterolaemia?

A

oxidatively modified lipoproteins

49
Q

What is an example of hypertension?

A

ANG-II and ROS

50
Q

What is an example of sex hormone imbalance?

A

oestrogen deficiency and menopause

51
Q

What are examples of pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-1 and TNF

52
Q

What is an example of infectious agents?

A
  • Bacterial endotoxins

- Viruses

53
Q

What are examples of environmental toxins?

A
  • Cigarette smoke

- Air pollutants

54
Q

What is an example of haemodynamic forces?

A

disturbed blood flow

Z YEAR 2 BRS CARDIO (18 decks)

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