Ischemic Heart Disease 2 Flashcards
What is ultrasonography of the common and internal carotid arteries used for?
a noninvasive measure of arterial wall anatomy that may be performed repeatedly and reliably in asymptomatic individuals
What is the combined thickness of the intima and media of the carotid artery is associated with?
the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and disease and an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke
What are doppler velocity probes used for?
most widely applied technique for measuring coronary flow in humans
What does the doppler guidewire detect and track?
measures phasic flow velocity patterns and tracks linearly with flow rates in small, straight coronary arteries
What are the indication for doppler velocity probes?
determining the severity of intermediate stenosis (40-60%)
What does a doppler velocity probe help evaluate?
whether normal blood flow has been restored after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
What are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?
- lower LDL-C levels
- also lower triglyceride levels and raise serum HDL levels
What is an example of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
What are Bile Acid Sequestrants?
block enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and increase the fecal loss of cholesterol
What is an example of Bile Acid Sequestrants?
Cholestyramine (Questran, LoCholest, Prevalite)
What are Calcium channel blockers?
- relaxes coronary smooth muscle and produces coronary vasodilation
- in turn improves myocardial oxygen delivery
What is an example of Calcium channel blockers?
Amlodipine (Norvasc)
What are ACE inhibitors?
Hypertension and atherosclerosis may be intimately linked through their effects on vascular endothelial dysfunction
What is an example of ACE inhibitors?
- Captopril (Capoten)
- enalapril (Vasotec)
- lisinopril (Zestril)
What are Beta blockers?
- inhibit sympathetic stimulation of the heart, reducing heart rate and contractility
- this can decrease myocardial oxygen demand and thus prevent or relieve angina in patients with CAD
What are antianginal agents?
- Ranolazine is a novel antianginal agent
- relieve ischemia by reducing myocardial cellular sodium and calcium overload via inhibition of the late sodium current of the cardiac action potential
What are platelet aggregate inhibitors?
May exert protection against atherosclerosis through inhibition of platelet function and through changes in the hemorrhagic profile
What is an example of platelet aggregate inhibitors?
- Clopidogrel
- Aspirin
What are nitrates?
- effective in the treatment of acute anginal symptoms
- in this situation, they are usually given sublingually
- primary anti-ischemic effect of nitrates is to decrease myocardial oxygen demand by producing systemic vasodilation
What is percutaneous coronary intervention in revascularization therapies?
- Involves angiography and stent placement:
1. Common to treat stable CAD
2. Improves blood flow by placing a stent and compressing the plaque
What is CABG in revascularization therapies?
- A vessel from another part of your body to create a graft that allows blood to flow around the blocked or narrowed coronary artery
- This type of open-heart surgery is usually used only for people who have several narrowed coronary arteries
What are. the WHO recommendations for prevention?
-Take moderate physical activity for a total of 30 minutes on most days of the week. -Avoid tobacco use and exposure to environmental smoke; make plans to quit if you already smoke. -Choose a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and potassium, and avoid saturated fats and calorie-dense meals. -Maintain a normal body weight; if you are overweight, lose weight by increasing physical activity and reducing calorie intake. -Reduce stress at home -Reduce salt intake -Stop smoking
