Ischemic Heart Disease 2

Question 1

What is ultrasonography of the common and internal carotid arteries used for?

Answer 1

a noninvasive measure of arterial wall anatomy that may be performed repeatedly and reliably in asymptomatic individuals

Question 2

What is the combined thickness of the intima and media of the carotid artery is associated with?

Answer 2

the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and disease and an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke

Question 3

What are doppler velocity probes used for?

Answer 3

most widely applied technique for measuring coronary flow in humans

Question 4

What does the doppler guidewire detect and track?

Answer 4

measures phasic flow velocity patterns and tracks linearly with flow rates in small, straight coronary arteries

Question 5

What are the indication for doppler velocity probes?

Answer 5

determining the severity of intermediate stenosis (40-60%)

Question 6

What does a doppler velocity probe help evaluate?

Answer 6

whether normal blood flow has been restored after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Question 7

What are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?

Answer 7

• lower LDL-C levels

- also lower triglyceride levels and raise serum HDL levels

Question 8

What is an example of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?

Answer 8

Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

Question 9

What are Bile Acid Sequestrants?

Answer 9

block enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and increase the fecal loss of cholesterol

Question 10

What is an example of Bile Acid Sequestrants?

Answer 10

Cholestyramine (Questran, LoCholest, Prevalite)

Question 11

What are Calcium channel blockers?

Answer 11

• relaxes coronary smooth muscle and produces coronary vasodilation
• in turn improves myocardial oxygen delivery

Question 12

What is an example of Calcium channel blockers?

Answer 12

Amlodipine (Norvasc)

Question 13

What are ACE inhibitors?

Answer 13

Hypertension and atherosclerosis may be intimately linked through their effects on vascular endothelial dysfunction

Question 14

What is an example of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 14

• Captopril (Capoten)
• enalapril (Vasotec)
• lisinopril (Zestril)

Question 15

What are Beta blockers?

Answer 15

1. inhibit sympathetic stimulation of the heart, reducing heart rate and contractility
2. this can decrease myocardial oxygen demand and thus prevent or relieve angina in patients with CAD

Question 16

What are antianginal agents?

Answer 16

1. Ranolazine is a novel antianginal agent
2. relieve ischemia by reducing myocardial cellular sodium and calcium overload via inhibition of the late sodium current of the cardiac action potential

Question 17

What are platelet aggregate inhibitors?

Answer 17

May exert protection against atherosclerosis through inhibition of platelet function and through changes in the hemorrhagic profile

Question 18

What is an example of platelet aggregate inhibitors?

Answer 18

• Clopidogrel

- Aspirin

Question 19

What are nitrates?

Answer 19

1. effective in the treatment of acute anginal symptoms
2. in this situation, they are usually given sublingually
3. primary anti-ischemic effect of nitrates is to decrease myocardial oxygen demand by producing systemic vasodilation

Question 20

What is percutaneous coronary intervention in revascularization therapies?

Answer 20

• Involves angiography and stent placement:
  1. Common to treat stable CAD
  2. Improves blood flow by placing a stent and compressing the plaque

Question 21

What is CABG in revascularization therapies?

Answer 21

1. A vessel from another part of your body to create a graft that allows blood to flow around the blocked or narrowed coronary artery
2. This type of open-heart surgery is usually used only for people who have several narrowed coronary arteries

Question 22

What are. the WHO recommendations for prevention?

Answer 22

-Take moderate physical activity for a total
of 30 minutes on most days of the week.
-Avoid tobacco use and exposure to
environmental smoke; make plans to quit if
you already smoke.
-Choose a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and
potassium, and avoid saturated fats and
calorie-dense meals.
-Maintain a normal body weight; if you
are overweight, lose weight by
increasing physical activity and
reducing calorie intake.
-Reduce stress at home
-Reduce salt intake
-Stop smoking