Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CardioRespiratory 2 > Vascular Endothelium > Flashcards

Vascular Endothelium Flashcards

1
Q

x % of all endothelial cells reside within the (micro)vasculature?

A

98%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

WHat is the basic structure of blood vessels?

A

Three layers:

TUnica Adventitia
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the tunica adventita made of?

A

vaso vasorum

nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the tunica media made of?

A

smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the tunica Intimia made of?

A

Endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the structure of a capillary?

A

Made of endothelium supported by mural cells - pericytes and a basement membrane

Microvascular endothelium promoted homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the microvascular endothelium a source of?

A

Angiocrine factors required for the maintenace of tissue homeostasis and organ regeneration.

Not just a distribution system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What diseases may a dysfunctional endothelium cause?

A

Because it is so wide spread

ischaemia
cancer
diabetes
chronic inflammatory diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

Process when the junction of two cells come together and this establishment of the junction stops the cells from growing more

So endothelial cells live a long life and have low proliferation rate unless angiogeness is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What blood related functions do endothelium have?

A
  • vascular tone
  • angiogensis
  • permeability
  • inflammation
  • haemostasis and thrombosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What adhesion molecules do endothelial cells release? (inflammation)

A

ICAMs
VCAM

(both used for leukocyte adhesion during inflammation ^)

Selectins (type of lectin which starts the initial leukocyte adhesion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What Inflammatory mediators do endothelial cells release? (inflammation)

A

IL-1 (promotes inflammatory cell recruitment)
IL-6
IL-8

Leukotrienes
MHC II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which vasodilators do endothelial cells release? (vascular tone and permeability)

A

Nitric Oxide

Prostacyclin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What matrix products do endothelial cells release (angiogenesis)? (5)

A 
Fibronectin 
Laminin
Collagen
Proteoglycans
Proteases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What antithrombic factors do endothelial cells release? (thrombosis) (5)

A
  • Prostacyclin
  • Thrombomodulin
  • Antithrombin
  • Plasminogen activator
  • Heparin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which procoagulant factors do endothelial cells release? (thrombosis)

A
  • VWF
  • Thomboxane A2
  • Factor V
  • Platelet activating factor
  • Plasminogen activator inhibitor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which growth factors do endothelial cells release? (angiogenesis)?

A
  • Insulin like GF
  • Transforming GF
  • colony stimulating factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which pathways are switched on in resting endothelium?

A

anti inflammatory
anti thrombotic
anti rpoliferative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which pathways are switched on when endothelium is active?

A

Pro inflammatory
Pro thrombotic
Pro angiogen

  • risk factors of atherosclerosis can cause chronic activation of the endothelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

A

It is a response to injury:

initial injury caused by risk factor acitvated endothelium

  • > increased permeability
  • > increase the systems that increase leukocyte adhesion and migration
  • > leukocytes accumulate in subendothelial space
  • > forms ‘advances, complicated lesion of atheroscleroris’

Macrophages accumulate

21
Q

Which stimuli trigger endothelial cell dysfunction in atherogenesis?

A
  • Hypercholesterolaemia
  • Diabetes Mellitus/Metabolic syndrome
  • Hypertension
  • sex hormonal imbalance
  • Ageing
  • Oxidative stress
  • proinfammatory cytokines
  • infectious agents
  • environmental toxins
  • haemodynamic forces
22
Q

What is an example of hypercholesteraemia?

A

Oxidatively modified lipoproteins

risk factor for endothelial dysfunction

23
Q

Give an example of Sex hormonal imbalance?

A

Oestrogen deficiency and menopause

risk factor for endothelial dysfunction

24
Q

Give an example of environmental toxins?

A

cig smoke and air pollutants

risk factor for endothelial dysfunction

25
Give an example of haemodynamic forces?
Disturbed blood flow | risk factor for endothelial dysfunction
26
What are the four mechanisms that contribute to the development of atheresclerosis plaque?
Leukocyte recruitment Permeability Sheer stress Angiogenesis
27
Describe the leukocyte adhesion cascade?
Endothelial cells capture the L [Activation] = Rolling --> slow rolling --> becomes 'arrested' Paracellular and transcellular transmigration
28
Which molecules are involved in the capture of Leukocytes on the endothelial cells?
Selectins PSGL1 VLA4
29
Which molecules activate leukocytes and leads to 'arrest'?
Chemokines ICAM
30
Which molecules cause paracellular migration of leukocytes along endothelial?
PECAM JAMs ESAM
31
Which molecules cause transcellular migration of leukocytes along endothelial?
ICAM1 | PECAM1
32
Where does leukocyte recruitment take place usually?
post capillary venules and transmigrate into tissues * post capillary venules are similar to capillaries but with mor epericytes
33
What happens to leukocyte recruitment in atherosclerosis?
L adhere to the activated endothelial of LARGE ARTERIES and get stuck in subendothelial space
34
How are foam cells formed?
monocytes migrate into subendothelial space, differentiate into macrophages and become foam cells
35
What does increased permeability do?
Results in leakage of plasma proteins through the junctions into the subendothelial space
36
WHy does atherosclerosis occur at branch points?
turbulent disturbed flow with nonuniform and irregular distribution of low wall shear stress. Where there are branches and curvatues
37
What is the effect of of laminar blood flow on vascular endothelium?
Promotes: anti thrombotic and antiflammtory factor (thrombomodulin) endothelial survical inhibition of SMC proliferation NO production
38
What does disturbed blood flow pormote in vascular endothelium?
thrombosis inflammation - leukocyte adhesion endothelial apoptosis SMC proliferation Los of NO productions
39
What are the effects of NO on the vascular endothelium?
Dilates blood vessels reduce platelet activation inhibits monocyte adhesun reduces proliferation and SMC in the vessel wall Reduces release of superoixde radicals Reduces ocidation of LDL cholesterol - major component of palque
40
What is angiogenesis?
formation of new vessels by sprouting from existing vessels - triggered by the need for O2
41
How does hypoxia lead to angiogenesis and hence vascular stablisation?
EC receptor binding EC activation EC proliferation `Directional migration ECM remodelling tube reformation Loop formation vascular stabliation
42
What is angiogenssi used for in the body?
Embryonic develoopment Menustraul cyce Wound healing
43
What role does angiogensis play in cardiovascular disease?
promotes plaque growth but also therapeutic angiogenesis prevents post ischaemia
44
What patterns of coagulopathy are seen in COVID 19 px?
venous and arterial thrombi frequent increased coagulopathy correlates with pognosis local thrombosis signs that it is due to a loss in endothelial homeostasis
45
what is it called when both thrombotic factors and inflammatory functions are lost?
Thromboinflammation - both occuring due to activated endothelial cell
46
when may thromboinflammation occur
sepsis iichaemia reperfusion injury
47
How does SARS CoV2 infection lead to procoagulant switch turning on?
Cytokine storm --> endothelial activation --> procoagulant switch
48
Physiologically, in which vessels does leukocyte transmigration occur?
In post capillary venules
49
Which of these processes promotes early development of atherosclerotic plaques?
- Endothelial activation - Permeability - Leukocyte adhesion

CardioRespiratory 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions