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CardioRespiratory 2 > ECG2 > Flashcards

ECG2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the clinical relevance of ECG?

A
  • Conduction abnormalities

-
structural abnormalities

  • perfusion abnormalities
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2
Q

What are the advantages of using ECGs?

A
  • cheaper
  • easy to under take
  • reproducible between people and centres
  • quick turn around on results
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3
Q

What are leads in ECGS?

A

representation of electrical activity from a specific heart perspectic

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4
Q

What are cardiac vectors?

A

Represented by an arrow in the net direction of movement, size reflecting the magnitude

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5
Q

What does the steepness of the line denote?

A

The velocity

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6
Q

What are downward deflections towards?

A

Negative electrode

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7
Q

What does the isoelectric line represent?

A

no change in net voltage i.e vectors are perpendicular to lead

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8
Q

What does the width of the deflection show?

A

duration of event

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9
Q

What are upward deflections towards?

A

the positive electrode

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10
Q

Unipolar vs bipolar?

A

Number of physical electrodes

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11
Q

How are ECGs reported?

A
  1. rate and rhythm
  2. P-wave and PR interval
  3. QRS duration
  4. QRS axis
  5. ST segment

and cardiac axis

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12
Q

How is lead II positioned?

A

From Right Arm to Left Leg

Right arm being the negative electrode and left leg being the positive electrode

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13
Q

Why on a typical ECG is QRS wave an upwards deflection? (Lead II)

A

Because it represents electrical stimulation travelling through purkinje fibres towards apex ( downwards towards positive electrode ) = positive deflection

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14
Q

Where is lead I positioned?

A

Negative E = right arm

Positive E = left arm

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15
Q

Where is lead III positioned?

A

Negative E = Left arm

Positive E = left leg

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16
Q

Where is the aVR psotioned?

A
  • augmented vector right (unipolar)

Negative E = n/a
Positive E = right wrist

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17
Q

Where is the aVL positioned?

A
  • augmented vector left (unipolar)

Positive E = left wrist

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18
Q

Where is the aVF positioned?

A
  • augmented vector foot

Positive electrode = Left foot

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19
Q

What is the rhythm strip on an ECG?

A

Lead II along the bottom for comparison

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20
Q

How many chest electrodes are there?

A

6

21
Q

Where is V1 electrode placed?

A

Right sternal border

In the 4th intercostal space

22
Q

Where is V2 electrode placed?

A

Left sternal border

In the 4th intercostal space

23
Q

Where is V3 electrode placed?

A

Halfway between V2 and V4

24
Q

Where is V4 electrode placed?

A

Mid-clavicular line

In the 5th intercostal space

25
Q

Where is V5 electrode placed?

A

Anterior axillary line

at the level of V4

26
Q

Where is V6 electrode placed?

A

Mid-axillary line

at the level of V4

27
Q

Which artery corresponds with the aVR lead?

A

N/A

28
Q

Which artery corresponds with the aVL lead?

A

Left circumflex artery

29
Q

Which artery corresponds with the aVF lead?

A

Right Coronary artery

30
Q

Which artery do chest leads V1-V4 correspond with?

A

Left anterior descending artery

31
Q

Which leads correspond with the right coronary artery

A

Leads II + III

also, aVF

32
Q

Which artery do chest leads V5-V6 correspond with?

A

Left circumflex artery

33
Q

On an ECG, how many seconds does a single square correspond to?

A

5 small squares within a larger square

Small square = 0.04s

34
Q

Cardiac axis?

A

///

35
Q

What is a sinus rhythm?

A
  • each P-wave is followed by QRS

- Rate is regular and normal

36
Q

What is sinus bradycardia?

A
  • Each P wave followed by QRS

Rate is regular and SLOW

  • can be healthy, caused by medication or vagal stimulation
37
Q

What is sinus tachycardia?

A

P wave is followed by QRS

rate regular and FAST

often physiological

38
Q

What is sinus arrhythmia?

A

each p wave followed by QRS

Rate is IRREGULAR and normal

R-R interval varies with breathing cycle

39
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Oscillating baseline - atria contract asynchonously

  • rhythm can be irregular and rate my be slow

turbulent flow pattern increases CLOT RISK

atria not essential for cardiac cycle*

40
Q

What is atrial flutter?

A

Regular saw tooth pattern in baseline (II,III,aVF)

atrial to ventricular beats at 2:1 ratio, 3:1 ratio or higher

Saw tooth NOT always visible on all leads

41
Q

What is first degree hert block?

A

Prolonged PR segment/ i ntervel caused by slower AAV conduction

regular rhythm

Most benign heart block, but a progressive disease of ageing

42
Q

What is second degree heart block?

A

gradual prolongation of PR interval until beat skipped

Most p -waves followed by QRS, some SOME P WAVES ARE NOT

Reguarly irregular, caused by diseased AV node

43
Q

What is second degree Mobitz II Heart block?

A

P waves are regular but only some are followed by QRS

no P-R prolongation

reguarly irregular

can rapidly detoriate into 3rd degree heart block

44
Q

What is 2nd degree heart block also known as ?

A

Wenckebach (mobitz I)

45
Q

What is third degree heart block?

A

P waves are regular,

QRS are regular

No relationship between the two

A non-sinus rhythm

46
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia?

A

P waves hidden due to dissociated atrial rhythm

Rate is regular and fast

At high risk of detoriating into fibrillation - cardiac arrest

Shockable rhythm : defibrillators

47
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Heart rate is irregular and 250 bpm and above

Heart unable to generate an output

Shockable rhythm

48
Q

What is ST elevation?

A

P waves visible and always followed by QRS

Rhythm is regular and rate is normal

ST segment is elevated >2mm above isoelectric line

caused by infarction

49
Q

What is ST depression?

A

P waves visible and always followed by QRS

ryhthm is regular and rate is normal

ST segment is depressed >2mm below isoelectric line

Caused by myocardial ischaemia

CardioRespiratory 2 (12 decks)

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