Vascular Disturbances Flashcards
What is Aetiology
Cause of Disease
What is Pathogenesis
How a Disease/lesion develops (Steps to how the disease develops)
What are Morphological Changes
Gross or Microscopic structural changes resulting from disease
What is sequelae?
Consequences of disease/lesion
What is the definition of Acute regarding timescale
If the disease starts suddenly and progresses rapidly it is acute. Upto 2 days
What is the definition of Chronic regarding timescale
If the disease progresses slowly over a long period of time it is chronic. After 14 days to months, or years.
Regarding timescale of Disease what is subacute?
If the disease progresses between 2 and 14 days it is subacute
What is a lesion
Any measurable, abnormal state of the body, even if purely functional is termed a lesion.
What is Pathology
The study of disease at its most fundamental level
What are the 9 Basic pathological processes?
- Circulatory Disturbances
- Acute Inflammation
- Healing and Repair
- Chronic Inflammation
- Necrosis and Calcification
- Adaptive Tissue Responses
- Storage diseases, Pigments and Infiltrates
- Neoplasia
- Teratology
Name 5 pathological states relating to abnormalities in the circulatory system
- Hyperaemia
- Ischaemia
- Haemorrhage
- Thrombosis
- Oedema
Define Hyperaemia
An increased amount of blood in part of the vascular system. There are two types, Active and Passive.
What is Passive Hyperaemia?
(Congestion) an increased amount of blood present because there is a decreased drainage of blood through veins and venules. The blood is poorly oxygenated and the tissue is dull red. Exacerbating the detrimental effects of the poor tissue oxygenation that is associated with passive hyperaemia, is the accumulation of metabolic waste products in the tissues because of the decreased tissue drainage. Passive hyperaemia is always a pathological process.
How can you tell that a Hyperaemia is active?
The blood is well oxygenated and the tissue is pink.
Give examples of Passive hyperaemia (congestion)
- Tourniquet on a limb obstruction blood flow
- Congestive Heart Failure leading to decreased ability of heart to pump blood and therefore ‘backing up’ of blood behind the pump
Give examples of active hyperaemia
- Inflammation - the affected area requires an increase in nutrients O2 and defence mechanisms to overcome causative agent.
- Blushing
- Muscles during exercise
- Sexual Organs
- Gastrointestinal tract during digestion.
What is Anemia?
Too little Blood\
What is Ischemia?
Too little blood within a circulatory bed.
Ischemia may be due to (3 reasons)
- Too little Blood (Anemia)
- Intraluminal obstruction to blood flow e.g. blood clot (thrombus), tumor/ other embolus
- Extraluminal obstruction to blood flow e.g. Compression due to a growing tumor, torsion, herniation.
Define Haemorrage
Escape of blood from a damaged blood vessel.
Under normal condition the arrest of haemorrhage is achieved through the combined efforts of which 3 main elements?
- Coagulation Factors
- Platelets
- Blood Vessel Wall
Name 4 types of Haemorrhage into the body cavity
- Haemothorax
- Haemopericardium
- Haemoperitoneum
- Haemarthrosis
What is the names for haemorrage at the following sites?
- Coughing Blood from the Lungs
- Vomiting Blood
- Blood in the Urine
- Bleeding into the GIT
- Bleeding from the nose
- Haemoptysis
- Haematesis
- Haematuria
- Melena
- Epistaxis
