Vascular Disease Flashcards
What size should a blood pressure cuff be?
40% the width of the limb
How can cuff size influence blood pressure readings?
Narrow cuff = falsely high blood pressure readings
Cuff too big = falsely low readings
What is the normal blood pressure of a dog?
133/75
What is the normal blood pressure of a cat?
125/80
What are definitions of systemic hypertension?
Systolic BP over 160
Diastolic pressure over 100
What disease can cause systemic hypertension?
CKD Hyperthyroidism Hyperadrenocorticism Hyperaldosteronism Phaeochromocytoma Diabetes mellitus Acromegaly Liver disease Chronic anaemia in cats Obesity Stress CNS disease
What consequences does hypertension have on the body?
Ocular
- retinal, haemorrhages, hyphaemia, retinal detachment
CNS
- bed tempered, haemorrhages, strokes, seizures, dull and depressed
Renal
- failure, proteinuria
Cardiac
- left ventricular hypertrophy, murmurs due to LVOT and mitral regurgitation
If you diagnose hypertension what should you check?
Retinas
Neurological exam
Renal - USG and UPC
Echo - LV hypertrophy, LVOT
How does arterial thromboembolism present in dogs?
Cavaliers predisposed
Secondary to endocrinopathies not heart disease
- Cushing’s disease
- Hypothyroidism
Emboli in the distal aorta
Usually only affects one limb
Painful, pulse less and cold
Hindlimb weakness or pain
What conditions cause pulmonary hypertension?
Ventricular septal defects
Atrial septal defects
PDA
Heartworm Mitral valve disease Pulmonary thromboembolism Left sided CHF Primary severe respiratory conditions
How can you diagnose pulmonary hypertension?
Loud, systolic tricuspid regurgitation murmur
Dilated pulmonary arteries
Dilated right atrium
Tricuspid and pulmonic valve regurgitation
What disease predispose to pulmonary thromboembolism?
Pulmonary hypertension Cushings disease PLE PLN IMHA
How can you diagnose PTE?
Blood gases - large alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient
D-dimmer and fibrin degradation products increased
What presentation does dirofilaria immitus cause?
Pulmonary hypertension and secondary RV hypertrophy Weight loss Fatigue Cough Dysponea
How can you diagnose heart worm?
Direct blood smear - visualise microfilariae
Microfilaria concentration tests
Heartworm ELISA
Radiography - enlarged pulmonary arteries
Us - worms in right atrium and pulmonary a.
How should treat heart worm?
Remove worms via the vena cava
How can you prevent lungworm?
Selamectin (stronghold)
Milbemycin (Milbemax)
Moxidectin (with imidacloprid in advocate)
Adulticide - melarsamine
- recommended to give doxycycline prior to this to kill off woolbachia first
What is the presentation of lungworm?
Dogs that eat slugs and snails
Chronic coughing
Dysponea and haemoptysis
Ill thrift, exercise intolerance
CHF
What are the clinical presentations of lungworm based on the body system?
Respiratory signs - cough, pulmonary hypertension (tricuspid murmur), dysponea
Coagulopathy - major bleed after surgery, epistaxis, haemoptysis, haematemesis
Neurological - due to aberrant migration of parasites, intracranial bleed
How can you diagnose lungworm?
Radiography - patchy Millay lung pattern (at the periphery)
Angio-SNAP test
Larvae in faeces - baermanns
Larvae in BAL sample