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Neurology > Vascular 2 > Flashcards

Vascular 2 Flashcards

1
Q

complication of epidermal hematoma

A

CN3 compression –> IL pupillary dilation and down and out. PCA compression–> ischemia of IL visual cortex and CL VF deficit. brain stem compression –> duet hemorrhage. compression of CL cerebral peduncle- IL hemiparesis= false localizing sign

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2
Q

epidural hematoma tx

A

immediate neurosurigical evaculation. small ones can be monitored clinically and radiographically

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3
Q

bridging veins

A

drain from surface of brain into venous sinus. often hurt in subdural hematoma. stretched in alcoholics and elderly due to brain atrophy so at risk for subdural hematoma

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4
Q

supratentorial herniation

A

uncal, central(transtentorial), cingulate (subfalcine), transcalvarial

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5
Q

infratentorial herniation

A

upward (upward cerebellar or upward transtentorial), tonsilar (downward cerebellar)

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6
Q

cingulate herniation

A

anterior cerebral artery. leg weakness

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7
Q

transtentorial herniation

A

reticular activation system, corticospinal tract. decorticate posturing, rostral-caudal deterioration

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8
Q

uncal herniation

A

cerebral peduncle, CN3, PCA. hemiparesis, pubil dilatation, visual field loss

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9
Q

subarchnoid hemorrhage: causes

A

severe diffuse HA. vomit then collapses. no facal neural signs. pain when flex neck. outcome most deep on lvl of consciousness in the ER. mot common cause is trauma. non trauma- berry aneurysm. RF: drug use, polycystic kidney disease, fibromuscular dysplasia.some have sentinel HA. LP show blood in CSF. if traumatic no xanthochromia.

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10
Q

berry aneurysm

A

80% in anterior circulation. 20% in posterior circulation. rupture –> subarachnoid hematoma

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11
Q

vasospasm

A

common complication of SAH. can result in stroke. prevent through nimodipine= Ca ch blocker. deliver to site via angiography

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12
Q

xanthochromia

A

yellow CSF due to breakdown of RBC in CSF. found in SAH

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13
Q

subarachnoid Hämorrhagie tx

A

neurological clipping or endovascular coiling of aneurysm. better the pt is clinically, earlier you should repair aneurysm to prevent rebleeding. nimodipine prevent vasoplasm and triple H terrify- HT,N, hypervolemia, demodulation.

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14
Q

intracranial hemorrhage

A

often in putamen, pons, cerebellum, thalamus. most likely to need surgical intervention if in the cerebellum- occlusion of 4th ventricle- obstruct CSF –> hydrocephalus and death

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15
Q

cerebral amyloidosis

A

repeate intracerebral hemorrhage in dif lobes. congo red stain and polarized light. amyloid deposition in walls of CNS

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16
Q

intracranial bleeding causes

A

bleeding into cavernoma, head trauma- most common cause. more progressive onset than ischemic strokes. dear lvl of consciousness and hA. often bleeds and infarct can’t be distinguished clinically =why need CT.
due to rupture of small, penetrating arteries weakened by HTN= biggest RF
need urgent surgical drainage or else acute hydrocephalus due to compression of 4th V= fatal. hemorrhage often due to cerebral amyloidosis in elderly

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17
Q

cavernous malformations

A

are masses of abnormal vessels wo recognizable intervening neural tissue. often silent but can cause HA, seizures, focal neurological deficits. popcorn like mass. can tx surgically if there are repeated bleeds of intractab

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18
Q

anterior cerebral artery stroke sx

A 
CL M/S deficit. leg> arm/face. 
frontal lobe abn - akinetic mutism
left side-transcortical motor aphasia. 
right side- neglect. 
urinary incontinence -apathetic
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19
Q

MCA stroke sx

A

CL M/S deficit. face/arm> leg. Visual field deficits
left side-aphasia
right side-neglect
eyes deviate toward lesion
CL hemianopsia (visual field deficit). broca+ weakness- superior. wernicke+ non weakness- inferior.

20
Q

PCA infarct

A

CL hemianopsia, alexia wo agraphia for left sided. pt may be unaware of visual field loss or perceive it as coming from only 1 eye. large lesion may cause CL M/S deficit due to involvement of midbrain or thalamus

21
Q

lacunar stroke and most common areas

A

infarct of small vessel- 20% ischemic stroke. common areas: subcortical WM, BG/posterior limb of internal capsule, thalamus, pons, cerebellum= same areas as for hemorrhagic stroke bc biggest RF for both = HTN

22
Q

lipohyalinosis

A

changes in small arteries that result in lacunar strokes

23
Q

pure motor stroke

A

internal capsule

24
Q

pure sensory stroke

A

thalamus

25
Q

lacunar stroke patterns

A

1) pure sensory
2) pure motor
3) ataxis hemiparesis
4) clumsy-hand/dysarthria
usually no higher cortical fun ban-aphasia, neglect unless thalamic.

26
Q

wallenberg leson

A

aka lateral medullary syndrome. occlusion of vertebral artery or PICA. features:

1) dysphagia, hoarseness, dizziness, N/V, nystagmus, balance/gait corrdination prob. intractable hiccups tx with thorazine
2) lose P/T on CL side. IL on face
3) horners

27
Q

cerebellum stroke area v effect

A

lateral- ataxia of IL arm/leg. medial- racial M and present with gait and balance prob

28
Q

venous infarct; describe, deficit, sx, RF

A

more indolent than arterial. focal neurological deficit. present with seizure, HA or sx of incr ICP. LP show incr elevated opening P- papilledema.
RF: hypercoag state: preg/postpartum, infection, meds (OCP, smoking)

29
Q

venous infarct tx

A

immediate heparin even if bleeding

30
Q

amaurosis fugax

A

temprory occlusion of central retinal artery that cause curtain coming down 1 eye. monocular blindness

31
Q

locked in syndrome location

A

occlusion of tip of basilar artery = lesion in ventral pons

32
Q

vertebral artery dissection

A

common in chiropractor twisted head. present with neck pain and sx of ischemia. hornets can occur as part o fwallenbergs

33
Q

carotid dissection.

A

horner’s syndrome due to damage to SNS

34
Q

stroke Tx

A

within 3hr- TPA. >3hr- aspirin

35
Q

dense MCA sign

A

although CT normal for many hr after stroke, clot within vessel may be seen

36
Q

tPA

A

CI: pt with minor or rapidly resolving deficits, blood glucose 185/110. INR>1,7. pot count less than 100,000. saves penumbra- ischemic but not yet infarcted tissue
CI: active bleeding, recent surgeries, coagulopathies
main risk is hemorrhage-6%

37
Q

best imaging modality for acute ischemic stroke

A

diffusion weighted MRI. hyper intensity on dMRI with corresponding hypo intensity on ADC= restricted diffusion= characteristic of ischemia.

38
Q

post stroke psych

A

most often depression. post stroke mania most likely due to right sided stroke

39
Q

stroke pt management

A

goal: prevent secondary stroke
all should:
1) start on high dose statin regardless of lipid profile
2) goal BP 120/80. ***
3) blood glucose, HgBA1c- treat DM
4) smoking cessation, modify diet, physical exercise

40
Q

stoke workup

A

1) anticoag or antiplatelets dep on cardioembolic or atherosclerotic event. get TEE –> clot in heart? if yes–> anticoag. EKG - fib? –> if yes, anticoag. if no I for anticoag, use anti-ply. clopidogrel more effective in presenting MI than ASA.
2) should have carotid endarectomy or carotid stent. carotid doppler or MRA–> if >70% stenosis - endarectom y in 2wks

41
Q

anti-ppl syndrome

A

screen by testing lupus anticoag and anticardiolipin ab. often women with spontaneous abortion. tx- warfarin. ck cocaina dn infection like syphilis HIV

42
Q

inherited stroke disorder

A

cadasil, melas, sickle cell disease

43
Q

CADASIL

A

auto dom disease with migraine, dementia and multiple lacunar strokes

44
Q

MELAS

A

mito D with stroke like epic in occipital region. present with seizures and dementia in adolescence

45
Q

vasculitis angio

A

beads on a string.

46
Q

global cerebral anoxia

A

loss of distinction between GM and WM. diffuse edema with sulk effacement. bilateral uncle herniation. diffuse compression of ventricular system. can’t recover

47
Q

posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)

A

usually due to sudden, drastic incr in BP. common in eclampsia. can also affect cerebellum though most often in occipital lobe. present with seizure, visual disturbances, HA, mental status changes

Neurology (18 decks)

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