Vascular

Question 1

Distinguish between LDL and HDL cholesterol

Answer 1

LDL - low density lipoprotein (BAD) - enters body and delivered choleserol to cells that need it. Can build up in arteries and form plaque.
HDL - high density lipoprotein (GOOD) - helps remove excess cholesterol from cells, tissues, plaque. Returning it to liver which removes it from the body.

Question 2

Outline the healthy ranges for cholesterol & lipids in
blood

Answer 2

Healthy = total 4mmol/L
LDL less than 2.0mmol
HDL greater than 1.0mmol/L
TGs less than 1.7mmol/L
Total cholesterol/HDL ratio less than 4mmol/L

Question 3

What is Peripheral Vascular Disease?

Answer 3

Atheroslcerosis that effects the lower extemeties
Blood flow compromised to lower leg

Question 4

What are the risk factors for DVT?

Answer 4

surgery
immobilization
obesity,
dehydration,
smoking,
coagulopathies,
pregnancy

Question 5

What is Thrombosis?

Answer 5

Clot formation (coagulation) in BV

Question 6

What is a DVT?

Answer 6

Blood clot attached to vessel wall in the deep veins
Partial or complete occlusion
Arterial = causes tissue ischemia/infarction
Venous = cause localized inflammation

Question 7

What is an pulmonary embolism?

Answer 7

Occurs when an embolus originating from within the right side of the heart or the systemic venous system gets stuck in a pulmonary artery. The most common cause of a pulmonary embolism is a dislodged DVT.

Question 8

Explain more about cholesterol

Answer 8

Fat like substance made by liver and also from food intake.
Then packaged into lipoproteins.
Body needs it to make hormones, vitamin D, and bile - essential
Hypercholesterolaemia - high cholesterol

Question 9

Classes of lipoproteins

Answer 9

5 types classified by density
Chylomicrons - carries TGs intestine to liver
VLDL - carries TGs (&small cholesterol) liver to peripheral tissues
IDL - TGs and cholesterol liver to blood
LDL
HDL

Question 10

What are the 3 main factors promoting DVT formation?

Answer 10

endothelial injury
blood stasis
hypercoagulability.

Question 11

What is arterioslerosis?

Answer 11

Arteriosclerosis is caused by elastin fibers in your arteries losing elasticity. They thicken/harden when smooth muscle and collagen move into the tunica intima and leave mineral deposits. Changes in lipid, cholestrol and phospholipds metabolism can also effect this.

Question 12

What is a foam cell?

Answer 12

A macrophage that has engulfed oxidized LDL cholesterols within the tunica intima

Question 13

Briefly outline the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque once foam cells have formed

Answer 13

1. FATTY STREAK - Foam cells accumulate resulting in a fatty streak within the tunica intima
2. MATURE PLAQUE - Macrophage & platelets stimulate SM cells to multiply & produce collagen which cover the fatty streak forming plaque Calcium deposits harden plaque
   Artery then has reduced blood flow & is narrow = tissue ischemia
3. THROMBUS - Plaque potentially can rupture, cause clots for form making everything WORSE