Digestive System Flashcards
Learning outcomes
Name the 5 spinchters in the stomach
Upper Oesophageal
Lower Oesophageal
Pyloric
Ileocaecal
Anal
Name cells that are in the mucosa layer of the GI tract & their function
Parietal which produce HCI (acid to dissolve food/kill bacteria)
Goblets cells with produce mucous which has bicarbonate in it (buffer for protection)
What else does the stomach produce?
Intrinsic factor - made here as it is necessary to absorb vitamin B12 in small intestine
Name 2 things that are absorbed by your stomach
Alcohol
Aspirin
What is the role of the bile?
Has bicarbonate to neutralises the acid in chyme
It helps fat mix with water so it can be broken down and absorbed
What is a hiatal hernia?
Part of an organ pushes through a muscular wall into another part of the body
What is the pathophysiology of GORD?
GERD results from a combination of factors including lower esophageal sphincter (LES) dysfunction, hiatal hernia, delayed gastric emptying, increased gastric acid production, impaired esophageal clearance mechanisms, esophageal tissue sensitivity, and esophageal motility disorders. These factors lead to the reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation
Baby: spinchter muscles not developed yet
Signs and symptoms of GORD?
Heartburn
Acid reflux
Regurgitation
Dysphagia
Chest pain
Chronic cough
Sore throat/hoarse
Bloating/belching
Sleep issues
Respiratory symptoms
What is the treatment of GORD?
Endoscopy due to clinical manifestation
Barium swallow
Antiacids neutralise acid
Weight reduction
Stop smoking
PPIs
Sucralfate – barrier to prevent mucus being attack by acid
SM stimulants can increase rate of motility and emptying
Narrowing of sphincter with laparoscopic surgery
Baby: Small frequent feedings
What is a peptic ulcer?
Breaks in the mucosa (& bicarbonate) layer of stomach or duodenum which exposes to deeper layers like muscle and BVs to acid and enzymes which start to erode away the deep layers.
Causes:
Medications/steroids/nsaid
alcohol
Helicobacter Pylori
caffeine
stress
smoking
spicy foods
S & S
Nausea & Vomiting
Blood (vomit)
Coffee ground vomit
pain
tender
indigestion
black stools
anaemia
What type of ulcer heals after eating and why?
Duodenal - acid has been absorbed mostly in stomach so has time to heal.
What is Ulcerative Colitis?
ONLY happens in large intestine & ONLY effects MUCOSA layer
Caused by inflammation which breaks down the mucosa layer which can cause abcesses which can bleed.
S&S
Watery bloody stools
Cramping
Patterns of exacerbation & remission
Fever
weight loss
Complications
Anal fissures
haemorrhoids
perirectal abcesses
What is Crohns disease?
Can be small or large or both intestines and ALL layers
Skip lesions - skip places in the intestines
S&S
fatty stools
bloody stools
patterns of excaberation & remission
weight loss
Complications
Obstruct tissue as lumen narrows
Fistulae
Strictures
Anaemia (unable to absorb B12)
often requires surgery
Name the 2 GI conditions that are caused by H.pylori?
Gastritis
Peptic Ulcer disease
