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English Language > Varieties Of English > Flashcards

Varieties Of English Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Traditional dialectology

A

systematic study of differences in language varieties, which is mostly concerned with regional differences in varieties.
Traditional dialects are the dialects preserved by historical factors such as the location of a place relative to political events. formed in the British Isles because of events such as the Viking invasions from 900AD which led to the creation of the danelaw, the norman conquest and the black death which killed townspeople and triggered migration to towns by country folk, prompting language change.
Harold orton

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2
Q

Regional/social differences in varieties

A

Labov urban dialectology
Class: dinner/supper, singin’, anything/nothin
Trudgill triangle
Trudgill Norwich context variants

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3
Q

Survey of English dialects

A

Harold orton rural communities, norms, linguistic atlas

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4
Q

BBC voices

A

Language lab, NS expressions for 38 s concepts (drunk)
Radio stations
38 sets of lexical data with geographical data
Voice recordings, phon, lex, gram geog

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5
Q

NORM

A

Non mobile retired male

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6
Q

Linguistic atlas

A

Because dialects don’t stay within geog borders
Questionnaire vs survey, field work vs correspondence
Field work more precise, more diverse Qs precise data, limited points covered
Correspondence more points less cost less time less reliable
Limited representation, lack of spontaneity

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7
Q

Value of dialectology

A

History of language, reflect social as well

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8
Q

Isogloss

A

Geographic boundary of linguistic feature,

phon: flat bath north and broad bath south
lex: bread roll barm cake in Lancashire, bread cake in pennine in Leeds
gram: she were wearing in north and midlands, unmarked verb, SE marked, south east I was you was unmarked too

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9
Q

Sociolinguistics

A 
Language in relation to social factors 
Region
Class
Gender
Age
Ethnicity
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10
Q

Dialect levelling

A

Differences in regional varieties reduce, new features emerge (supralocal forms) e.g. th fronting, I vocalisation
Transportation and media
Williams and kerswill

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11
Q

Shibboleth

A

Biblical story, phonology reveals something about a person, WWII

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12
Q

Subjective reaction vs matched guise

A

Having people listen to speech then rank
Vs
Hidden objective, listen to recording different accent, same speaker, asked about characteristics
Revealing of prejudices

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13
Q

Perceptual dialectology

A

How non linguists perceive language variation
Where from? Where is it? How function?
Montgomery little arrow
Map of region, traditional isoglosses for reference, asked how similar dialects are to theirs, most with arrow, then connected to form networks of related language. Perceptual dialectal boundaries drawn. Borders when no connection

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14
Q

Native speaker

A 
Mother tongue
400,000,000
British isles
Caribbean
N America 
Australia
New Zealand
South Africa
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15
Q

Non native speaker

A 
Language in addition to native language
1bn+
Lingual Franca
Second language 
Foreign language
Official language
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16
Q

Mother tongue

A

First language spoken most comfortable

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17
Q

Language Franca

A

a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

18
Q

English as second language

A

400,000,000
India
Kenya
Lingua franca (dialects)

19
Q

English foreign language

A

700,000,000
Germany
France
Japan

20
Q

English as world language

A

The number, distribution, and types of speakers of English across the world and the reasons for English being so widespread

21
Q

Variation according to use and user

A

Difference between sociolinguistics and register

22
Q

Register

A

Variety of language according to use

23
Q

Mode

A

Medium of communication

E.g. speech/writing

24
Q

Tenor

A

Relationship between communicators

25
Q

Domain

A

Subject matter and function

26
Q

Language

A

No linguistic definition
Political implications
Wide word

27
Q

Dialect

A

No linguistic definition
Dictionary says subordinate, peculiar
Independent
Varieties of language lex gram and phon different
Linked to geography, variety links to other kinds

28
Q

Mutually intelligible

A

Danish Swedish and Norwegian

Scots and northern English (descent from old Northumbrian)

29
Q

Mutually unintelligible

A

Most languages

Cantonese and mandarin

30
Q

Accent

A

Way of pronouncing language

Regional or non regional (RP)

31
Q

Standard English

A 
Printing press 17c, widely intelligible 
Language of intelligence 
Used by upper class because of writing and education- class snobbery (aitchison: language change)
(Trudgill, whoever speaks says best)
Formal written English
32
Q

Non standard English

A

Regional lex and gram
Spoken with regional accent
Frowned on without linguistic knowledge

33
Q

Prescriptivism

A

Telling people how to speak
Samuel Johnson: dictionary of English language, standard of correctness
Loath intro to English grammar, prepositions
Se is best

34
Q

Descriptivism

A

Telling people how people speak
Without judgement
Rules determined by observance and adapted according to developments
Correctness condition (sub verb ob in SE)

35
Q

Grammatical differences between SE AND NSE

A 
Verbs regularity: I talks, you talks 
I talk she talks
Pronominal system: yous vs you
Variability: you was there weren’t you
You’ve got to do it you must
36
Q

How did English get transported to new world

A

America: 1607 2nd expedition and 1620 pilgrim fathers
Australia: 1788 penal colony and 19th 20th c gold rush

37
Q

Key factors in development of overseas English

A

Language change:
America (timing) English changed in Britain from 1607-1788
BE goes changes but same at home, vice Versa or changes at both
Regional varieties:
Where immigrants from
America Australia and s Africa=east English
Cockney=Australia
Scottish=New Zealand

38
Q

Linguistic consequences of contact

A 
Bilingualism
New languages (pidgin and creole)
39
Q

Pidgin

A 
Need for communication in trade context, no shared language 
Functional language of necessity
Slavery context
Uncomplicated clausal structure
Reduction of syllables
Reduction of consonant clusters 
Lack of grammatical tense
Reduplication
40
Q

Creole

A

Jamaican patois
When pidgin becomes dominant in community functions increase, Lexis expands, syntax more complex
Lexis: duppy (African twi influence)
Fish (changed semantic gay man, pejoration)
Phonology: consonant cluster (tri not three)
(Diphthongisation Kiek)
Grammar: no morphological past participle, participle words en and a, en=tense (mi ben wen Ron) a=aspect marker (mi a go ron)

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