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Biology (Ieuan) 1 > Variation > Flashcards

Variation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by the term VARIATION?

A

VARIATION means the differences within a species (people have different heights, hair colour and noses).

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2
Q

Name the two types of VARIATION?

A

Genetic VARIATION and Environmental VARIATION.

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3
Q

Explain how genes can cause VARIATION.

A
  1. An organism’s characteristics are determined by the genes inherited from the parents.
  2. GENES are the CODES inside your cells that CONTROL how you develop.
  3. These GENES are passed on in SEX CELLS called GAMETES.
  4. Most animals get some genes from mum and some genes from dad.
  5. The combining of GENES from both parents causes GENETIC VARIATION and no two species are genetically identical.
  6. Some characteristics are determined ONLY be GENES such as EYE COLOUR, BLOOD GROUP and INHERITED DISORDERS (such as Haemophilia and cystic fibrosis).
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4
Q

Explain how the enviornment can influence VARIATION.

A

The Enviroment where we LIVE and GROW can causes differences between species.

A plant grown on a nice sunny window sill will grow luscious and green.

However, if the same plant grew in an enviroment where there was little sunlight then to would less and its leaves would be yellow.

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5
Q

Are most characteristice due to GENES, ENVIROMENT or both?

A

Both.

By way of example the maximum height that an animal or plant can grow will be determined by genetics but achieving that maximum height will depend upon the enviroment (ie it gets enough food and nutrients to grow).

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6
Q

What is meant by the term nucleus within a cell?

A

Most cells have a nucleus which contained the genetic material in the form of chromosomes.

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7
Q

What is the word that decribes where genetic material is stored in a cell?

A

NUCLEUS

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8
Q

How many chromosomes are contained in a human cell?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes (chromosomes are always in pairs - one from each parent)

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9
Q

What do chromosomes carry?

A

Chromosomes carry the genes whcih control different developments

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

A GENE is part of the chromosome.

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11
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is abbrievated and stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid.

DNA is a molecule which is colied up to form the arms of the chromosomes.

DNA carries most of the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses

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12
Q

What is the term used to describe the different versions of the same gene?

A

The different versions of the same gene are called ALLELES instead of GENES

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13
Q

What two types of reproduction are there?

A

SEXUAL - ohhhhh naughty naughty

ASEXUAL - borrrrriiiiiinnnngggg

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14
Q

What is sexual reproduction (in terms of genetics)?

A

It is where the genetic information from two organisms (father and mother) is combined to create an offsrping which are genetically different to either parent.

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15
Q

What is the name for the sperm and the egg in sexual reproduction?

A

GAMETES

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16
Q

How many chromosomes in each GAMETE?

A

A GAMETE is the SPERM or EGG.

A GAMETE contains just 23 CHROMOSOMES (one of a pair) and when the sperm FERTILISES the egg the 23 Chromosomes are combined to create FULL NUMBER of chromosomes - 23 pairs).

Half from the mother and half from the father.

17
Q

What happens when the sperm fertilises the egg?

A

It creates a FULL NUMBER of chromosomes and this MIXTURE of GENETIC MATERIAL produces VARIATION in the offspring.

18
Q

What is ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION?

A

This is where an ORDINARY CELL can make a new cell by simply DIVIDING IN TWO.

THE NEW CELL HAS exactly the same GENETIC INFORMATION as the parent cell.

19
Q

WHat is the difference (in a nutshell) between SEXUAL REPRODUCTION and ASEXUAL reproduction?

A
  1. Two parents v one parent.
  2. Fusion of GAMETES - no fusion of GAMETES
  3. MIXING of CHROMOSOMES - No mixing of Chroms
  4. Genetic variation - No Genetic Variation (is a clone)
20
Q

How does ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A

X shaped chromosomes have two identical halves.

Each chromosome splits down the middle

This then forms two identical sets of “half-chromosomes” (two sets of DVA strands). A membrane forms around each set.

The DNA then replicates itself intwo two idnetical cells with compete sets of X shaped chromosomes.

21
Q

Who does ASEXUAL reproduction?

A

Well - in terms of cell generation (is when animalns and plants grow) this is done by way of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION.

However, in terms of PRODUCING OFFSPRING only plants and some organisms (such as bacteria, star fish and sea anemones) reprodcue this way.

Biology (Ieuan) 1 (10 decks)

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