VARIATION Flashcards
linguistic differences in the way language is used in terms of sound (phonetics), word choice and usage, and structure (grammar).
LANGUAGE VARIATION
It is the —– , ——, —– differences in the ways that a particular language is used.
REGINOAL, SOCIAL, OR CONTEXTUAL
Variation between languages, dialects, and speakers is known as
INTERSPEAKER VARIATION
Variation within the language of a single speaker is called
INTRASPEAKER VARIATION
is a characteristic of language, i.e., there is more than one way of saying the same thing .
VARIATION
Speakers may vary in phonetics, lexicon, morphology, and syntax.
VARIATION
as speakers may adopt or create new forms of language to express their identity, attitude, or preference.
Variation provides the potential for change
as some forms of language may become more widespread, dominant, or standard over time, while others may become less frequent, restricted, or obsolete.
Change is the outcome of variation
WHAT CAUSES LANGUAGE VARIATION?
GEOGRAPHY
OCCUPATION
FRIENDS
AGE
GENDER
SOCIAL CLASS
FAMILY AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND
as the abstract system of symbols and meanings governed by grammatical rules
It is a system of communication with its own unique grammar and vocabulary, often recognized as having distinct cultural or national identity.
A —– is a set of words and all of the systems about usage of those words that a group of people uses to communicate with each other.
LANGUAGE
a particular form, a subset of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group
s a variety of a language which involves not only a deviation of pronunciations, but also different vocabulary and grammar.
s a way of speaking that is distinct enough to be considered a variation of a language yet familiar enough to be understood as that language. For example, American, Australian, and British English could all be considered dialects of the same language: English. (Ellis, 1999)
A dialect is a specific variety of a language spoken or signed by a group of people that may have different vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from the main form of the language. (Dictionary.com 2023)
DIALECT
uses full sentences and correct grammatical rules and can be thought of as the formal, official, or polite way of speaking or writing.
It is associated with prestige in the society.
It is used in formal settings, for example when we talk or write to people we don’t know well, such as doctors or head teachers. We do this to show them respect or to make a good impression.
Some people feel pressured to use the standard dialect to conform to the rules of the society.
STANDARD DIALECT
has a distinct grammar, lexis and pronunciation and vary greatly throughout the speech community.
It is the informal version of the language, which can change depending on where it is being spoken. It often does not use full sentences, and contains lots of slang (very informal versions of standard words), which can be particular to a certain area or group of people.
We use non-standard dialect in informal settings, when we are more relaxed and with people we know well, such as family or friends.
It is preferred to be used by many speakers to demonstrate their sense of belonging to their community, social group or ethnic group.
NON-STANDARD DIALECT
refers to a number of different languages; in a narrow sense, it is used to refer to differences within a language
VARIETY
is a general term for any distinctive form of a language or linguistic expression
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