Variables Related To Articulation and Phonological Development and Performance Flashcards
Introduction
- There are a number of variables associated with speech sound acquisition
- Research: can only demonstrate correlation, not cause and effect relationships
Genetic Factors (Ukrainetz, T.A., & Spencer 2015)
-Sorting the learning disorders: Language impairment and reading disability. In. T.A. Ukrainetz (Ed.), School-age language intervention: Evidence-based practices (155205). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Molecular Genetics:
- Allows researchers to investigate the genes responsible for any disease or disorder
- Has shown us that there is a broad, verbal heritable trait that can result in a speech, language, or reading disorder
- Some genes may affect both language and speech
- Language and speech disorders may occur alone or together
- “He sounds just like I did when I was a kid”
In a tree..
- Language Impairment, Reading Disability, and SSD are the branches
- Genetics is the root
Environment
- A slightly greater # of children from low income backgrounds have SSDs
- Role models are a variable
- Health is a factor too — is there health insurance?
Familial and Personal Factors
-Birth order & # of siblings —> research inconclusive
-Gender —>SSDs more common in boys
-Age —> between 4-6 years old, most children begin to sound like adults; improvements can be made till 8 years
-Intelligence
~IQ 70 or lower: probably will have SSD
~Other than that, no demonstrated relationship between IQ and artic
~Speech sounds learned in same sequence, just more slowly
Research shows:
- The most frequent type of error for individuals with ID (Intellectual Disability) is consonant deletion
- Also may have inconsistent errors
Language Skills
- Many children have problems with BOTH language and speech
- Child with SSDs may use incomplete sentences, shorter utterances, and less complex language.
- As sentence length and complexity increase, speech sound errors increase
Speech sound errors especially increase when children are trying to produce:
- Polysyllabic words
- Complex, compound, and passive sentences
- In Tx target BOTH language and speech
*****If a child has an /r/ problem and a language impairment—> use a classroom book for therapy
Tongue Thrust
- Also called reverse swallow
- Refers to a certain manner of swallowing and tongue placement in the oral cavity during rest
- May be habitual or obligatory
- If it’s obligatory, it’s organic —> e.g., enlarged tonsils or adenoids that partially block the posterior airway passage
- Orofacial myology (treatment for TT)
Orofacial Myology is:
-The study of relationships among dentition, speech, and non-speech tongue and facial muscles
Characteristics of Tongue Thrust
- Swallow
2. Speech
Swallow
- During swallowing, the tongue comes forward so that the tip is in contact with the lower lip
- At rest, the tongue is carried forward so that the tip is between or against the anterior teeth while the mandible is open
Speech
- During speech, the tongue is fronted and is against or between the anterior teeth while the mandible is slightly open
- This can contribute to malocclusion
- Articulation errors may include distortions of /s,z,l/ and interdentalization of /t,d,n,l/
On pg. 188, your text says:
“Treatment for tongue thrust is not provided in many public schools unless a child has an accompanying SSD.”
But in the public schools….
- We cannot treat this
- TT does not have an adverse impact on a child’s access to the curriculum
- We can indirectly refer out
ASHA’s Posiition:
- TT co-occurs with speech problems in some clients
- Assessment and treatment of TT is within the SLP’s scope of practice
- SLP must be highly trained
- The SLP must work on a team with appropriate professionals such as dentists, orthodontists, and allergists
Sensory Variables
A. Oral Sensation
B. Hearing Loss
C. Auditory Discrimination
Oral Sensation
-Looked at oral stereognosis or form recognition (put shape in mouth & feel what it is and point to the picture that matches the feeling)
Hearing Loss
-1/3 of child artic disorders associated with Otitis Media (middle ear infections)
Problems found in children with significant hearing loss: (pg. 181)
- Omissions of initial and final consonants
- Many diphthong and vowel substitutions
- Inappropriate prosody
- Pitch too high or low
- More frequent pauses
- Epenthesis
- Hypernasality (velopharyngeal closure)
- Produce both consonants and vowels distortedly
Auditory Discrimination
- Previously, clinicians believed that auditory discrimination had to precede correct production of a sound
- Research showed, however, that training discrimination only affected discrimination, but training correct production helped both auditory discrimination and production
AnatAnatomic Structures
- Soft Palate
- Nasopharynx
- Hard Palate
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Lips
Soft palate
- VPI (velopharyngeal insufficiency)
- may have VPI… mobility and enough tissue are very important
- need good VP closure for pressure consonants especially –> fricatives, affricates, stops
- may also have nasal emission and hypernasality
- may use glottal stops for other sounds
-
COMMON SUBSTITUTIONS*
- /p,b,t,d/ –> glottal stop
- /k,g/ —> pharyngeal stop
- Fricatives & affricates –> pharyngeal fricatives
