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Psychological Inquiry > Variables, measurement and identifying participants > Flashcards

Variables, measurement and identifying participants Flashcards

1
Q

Variables

A
  • Characteristics or conditions that vary across individuals.
  • Examples: Age, gender, test scores, stress levels.
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2
Q

Observe:

A
  • Act of visually recording an item’s appearance or features.
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3
Q

Measure:

A
  • Determine the value of a variable.
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4
Q

Correlational Research:

A
  • Study examining relationships between variables.
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5
Q

Manipulate:

A
  • Intentionally change a variable.
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6
Q

Experimental Research:

A
  • Manipulating variables to observe impacts on others.
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7
Q

Independent Variable:

A
  • Manipulated variable in a study.
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8
Q

Dependent Variable:

A
  • Variable changing due to manipulation.
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9
Q

Quasi-Independent Variables:

A
  • Variables with pre-existing characteristics assigned to groups.
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10
Q

Operational Definition:

A
  • Specifies how variables will be measured in a study.
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11
Q

Subject Variables:

A
  • Participant characteristics not manipulated.
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12
Q

Control:

A
  • Removal of factors influencing a study.
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13
Q

Participant or Subject Variables:

A

Additional characteristics accompanying participants.

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14
Q

Extraneous Variables:

A
  • Variables affecting IV-DV relationship but not of interest.
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15
Q

Random Variables:

A
  • Unpredictable factors.
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16
Q

Situational or Environmental Variables:

A
  • External factors influencing study conditions.
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17
Q

Experimenter Variables:

A
  • Researcher characteristics affecting participants.
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18
Q

Confounding Variables:

A
  • Factors causing systematic effects on outcomes.
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19
Q

Alternative Explanation:

A
  • Extraneous variables influencing results.
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20
Q

Reliability:

A
  • Stability or consistency of measurement over time.
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21
Q

Test-Retest Reliability:

A
  • Consistency of test scores over multiple administrations.
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22
Q

Parallel or Equivalent Forms:

A
  • New test’s reliability compared to an existing reliable test.
23
Q

Inter-Rater Reliability:

A
  • Consistency of scores between raters measuring the same behaviour.
24
Q

Split-Half Reliability:

A
  • Consistency of scores between two halves of a test.
25
Q

Self-Report:

A
  • Participant-provided information via questionnaires or interviews.
26
Q

Test:

A
  • Assesses individual differences in personality or ability.
27
Q

Physical Measures:

A
  • Use physical tools to measure bodily functions.
28
Q

Behavioural Measures:

A
  • Observation and recording of behaviour.
29
Q

Scale of Measure:

A
  • Categories determining variable categorization or measurement.
30
Q

Nominal:

A
  • Qualitative scale organizing data into discrete, unordered categories.
31
Q

Ordinal:

A
  • Qualitative scale organizing data into ordered categories.
32
Q

Interval:

A
  • Quantitative scale with equal distances between values but no true zero.
33
Q

Ratio:

A
  • Quantitative scale with equal distances between values and a true zero.
34
Q

Validity:

A
  • Accuracy of test measuring what it’s supposed to measure.
35
Q

Content Validity:

A
  • Representation of entire content defining the construct.
36
Q

Face Validity:

A
  • How well a test measures its constructs.
37
Q

Criterion Validity:

A
  • Measure’s correlation with other valid measures.
38
Q

Construct Validity:

A
  • Measure’s relationship with other measures of the same construct.
39
Q

Research Question:

A
  • Inquiry about a population of interest.
40
Q

Population:

A
  • Specific group of people of interest.
41
Q

Sample:

A
  • Subset representing the population.
42
Q

Representative:

A
  • Sample characteristics closely match the population.
43
Q

Generalisable:

A
  • Sample findings are representative of the population.
44
Q

Descriptive Statistics:

A
  • Describe sample characteristics.
45
Q

Inferential Statistics:

A
  • Draw conclusions about populations from sample data.
46
Q

Sample Size:

A
  • Number of individuals in a sample.
47
Q

Biased Sample:

A
  • Sample characteristics deviate from population.
48
Q

Power Calculation:

A
  • Determines appropriate sample size for a study.
49
Q

Sampling Techniques:

A
  • Strategies for selecting a sample from a population.
50
Q

Simple Random Sample:

A
  • Selects sample randomly from the population.
51
Q

Convenience Sample:

A
  • Selects convenient participants.
52
Q

Strata:

A
  • Subdivides population into similar groups for sampling.
53
Q

Quotas:

A
  • Sets specific targets for sample characteristics.

Psychological Inquiry (4 decks)

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