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P335 Exam 1 > Variables > Flashcards

Variables Flashcards

1
Q

What are we going to study?

A

Independent and Dependent Variables

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2
Q

What is the Independent Variable?

A

IV: The one we believe is causing the change, usually manipulated by experimenter.
Ex: The effects of pornography viewing on perceived attractiveness of partner.

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3
Q

What are the IV Levels?

A

The different values of an independent variable.

Ex: Level 1: Porn, Level 2: No Porn

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4
Q

What are subject variables?

A

IVs that the experimenter does not manipulate.

Ex: Male or Female, Race, Poverty.

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5
Q

What are Confounding Variables?

A 
AKA: Extraneous Variables
One that varies with the IV systematically,
Are not the IV you are interested in,
May have caused the change in the DV.
Ex: Color preference and gender.
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6
Q

What is a Dependent Variable?

A

DV is what we think will be changing.

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7
Q

What are the different types of DVs?

A
  1. Correctness
  2. Rate or Frequency
  3. Degree or Amount
  4. Latency or Duration
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8
Q

What is the DV Correctness?

A

The # of something you get correct.

Ex: How many accurate text messages sent

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9
Q

What is the DV Rate or Frequency?

A

The # of responses given in a time period.

How many text messages sent out in a day

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10
Q

What is the DV Degree or Amount?

A

Degree: Responses on a Scale
Amount: Amount of something
Ex: How often do you send text messages
How many text messages you sent out in a day

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11
Q

What is the DV Latency or Duration?

A

How long it takes you to make a response or how long a response lasts for.
Ex: How long does it take you to make a text message.

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12
Q

What are the types of Variables?

A

Quantitative

Categorical

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13
Q

What is a Quantitative Variable?

A

Variable varies in #

Ex: # of children

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14
Q

What is a Categorical Variable?

A

It varies in kind.

Ex: Are you a parent? Male or female.

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15
Q

What are the types of Quantitative Variables?

A

Continuous

Discrete

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16
Q

What is a Continuous Quantitative Variable?

A

Falls along a continuum and is NOT limited to a certain # of values.
Ex:

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17
Q

What is a Discrete Quantitative Variable?

A

Falls into distinct bins with NO intermediate values.

Ex: 1, 2, 3 not 1.5

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18
Q

What is an Operational Definition?

A

An exact description of how to derive a value for a characteristic you are measuring.

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19
Q

What is a measurement of variables?

A

Assigning numbers to events or objects.

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20
Q

What are the different Scales of Measurement?

A

Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio

21
Q

What is a Nominal Scale of Measurement?

A

Naming Categories
#’s are just placeholders, have no meaning, no value
Values of the same kind get the same #

22
Q

What is an Ordinal Scale of measurement?

A

’s are meaningful, imply rank.

Not an equal distance between #’s
Organizational/order
Ex: Running for 1st, 2nd, 3rd place

23
Q

What is an Interval Scale?

A

Between this and that.

The differences are meaningful and equal with out a 0.

24
Q

What is a Ratio Scale of measurement?

A

Differences are meaningful and equal with a zero.
Is always going to be an open ended question. Count or weight.
Spaces between #’s are or are not equal.
Absolute 0: The absence of the characteristic being studied.

25
Q

What is a Population Sample?

A

Every person to whom my research question is relevant to.
Relevant: It applies to a person.
Whole college

26
Q

What is a Sample Sample?

A

Subset of individuals drawn from the population sample.
Study a sample to apply to a population.
1 Class from the college.

27
Q

What are the different Sampling Techniques?

A

Probability Sampling and Nonprobability Sampling

28
Q

What is Probability Sampling?

A

Random sampling

Every person or item has an equal and individual chance for being chosen for the study.

29
Q

What is a Nonprobability Sample?

A

A non random sample.

30
Q

What are the types of Probability or Random Sampling?

A

Stratified Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Multi-Stage Random Sampling

31
Q

What is a Stratified Random Sample?

A

(Stratification) Identify subgroups in population and then randomly sample form these groups to get the same proportions in our sample as in our population.

32
Q

What is Systematic Random Sampling?

A

(Systematic Rule)

Randomly choose a place to start choosing participants then use a systematic rule to select from there on.

33
Q

What is a Multi-Stage Random Sample?

A

(Multiple levels)
A final random sample is selected through a series of randomly selected decisions used to eliminate potential participants

34
Q

What are the types of Nonprobability Samplings?

A 
Convenience Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Quota Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Multi-Stage (non-random) sampling
35
Q

What is a convenience sampling?

A

sample chosen on convenient access.

36
Q

What is purposive sampling?

A

Sample is formed by including available persons who meet a specific criteria.

37
Q

What is a Quota Sampling?

A

Persons of specified groups are added to sample until a pre-specified # is met but not randomly.

38
Q

What is a Systematic (non-random) Sampling?

A

sample selected with a systematic rule but not in a random way.

39
Q

What is a stratified (non-random) sampling?

A

subgroups in population not random.

40
Q

What is a Multi-Stage (non-random) sampling?

A

non random process of elimination.

41
Q

Why is proper sampling important?

A

External Validity

42
Q

What is External Validity?

A

Our ability to (generalize) our findings from out sample to the population.

43
Q

What are Basic Research Strategies?

A

Single Strata Approach
Cross-Sectional Design
Longitudinal Design
Sequential Design

44
Q

What is a Single Strata Approach?

A

One group or one item being studied

45
Q

What is a Cross-Sectional Design

A

groups of individuals studied at one point in time.

46
Q

What are the is the potential problems of a Cross-Sectional Design?

A

Cohort effect or generation gap.

47
Q

What is a Longitudinal Design?

A

Study one group of people over an extended period of time.

48
Q

Potential Problems of a Longitudinal Design?

A

Cohort Effect

49
Q

What is a sequential Design?

A

marriage of cross sectional and longitudinal designs and allows for direct testing for cohort effects

P335 Exam 1 (4 decks)

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