Variables Flashcards
The topic must not have been used ORIGINAL by many researchers
Novelty
Since this is practical research, it is suggested that you think of study
Availability of Subjects
Refers to the aid or assistance that can be solicited from the school or extended by the community
Administrative Support
Devices such as computers, telephones, wifi etc.
Availability and Adequacy o of Facilities and Equipment
Ensure that all activities to be undertaken are acceptable and are done in accordance with what is legal and morally right
Ethical Considerations
Constitute the researcher’s knowledge, expertise, and experience in order for him/her to cope with the research demands
Experience Training and Professional Qualifications
These are essential attitudes that bring anticipated satisfaction, completion of research or enjoyment in the tasks
Motivation, Interest, Intellectual Curiosity and Perceptiveness of the Researcher
Considers the fact that studies must be pursued in a given time frame
Time Factor
The amount of funding necessary, depends on the size of the sample, the place where the research is to be conducted, the research design, and the treatment of data.
Cost and Return
Hazards, penalties and Handicap Social and intellectual capacity and moral judgment
Hazards, penalties and Handicaps
-designed to produce results that expand knowledge about particular phenomenon
-a type of research that answers questions such as what, why, and how
-may not have immediate commercial applications
-may not necessarily solve a practical problem
Basic Research
-aims to solve specific societal or environmental problems
-knowledge generated has a specific commercial value
-main goal of an applied research is to discover a solution to a practical problem
Applied Research
The answer to these questions will determine the difference between a basic research and an applied research.
Is the research conducted to contribute to the body of knowledge?
Is it in response to a societal problem?
Both types of research follow the same steps of scientific inquiry to arrive at conclusions.
Basic and Applied Research
•Theoretical
•For the expansion of knowledge
Examples:
Genetic diversity
Ecological patterns
Biodiversity studies
Host-parasite interactions
Characterization of organisms Chemical-structure elucidation
Phylogenetic study of organisms Determination of ecological factors
Basic Research (vs)
•Practical
•For the betterment of the quality of life
Examples:
Vaccine development
Alternative energy sources
Biomaterials characterization
Identification of antibacterials
Development of diagnostic kits
Low-cost instrumentation development Production of genetically modified organisms
Applied Research (vs)
-an entity that take on different values
-anything that can be considered a variable; these are needed to understand difference
-an aspect of a theory that can vary or change as part of the interaction within a theory
-anything that can affect or change the results of a study
Variable
Variable Classifications
• Numeric
• Categorical
• Experimental
• Non-Experimental
Variables with values that describe a:
•Measurable
•Numerical
•Quantity
NUMERIC
• It answers the question “How many” or “How much”
• Considered as Quantitative Data
NUMERIC VARIABLE
2 Types of Numeric Variable:
Continuous/Interval Variable
Discrete Variables
Assume any value BETWEEN a certain set of real numbers depending on the scale used.
Continuous/Interval Variable
Can only assume any WHOLE value within the limits of the given variables.
Discrete Variables
Variable with values that describe a Quality or Characteristic of a data unit
CATEGORICAL
It answers the question “What type” or “which category”
It is considered qualitative data.
CATEGORICAL VARIABLE
4 Types of Categorical Variable
Ordinal Variable
Nominal Variable
Dichotomous Variables
Polychotomous Variables
Can take a value which can be logically ordered or ranking.
Example:
Clothing size, academic ranking, salary scale, levels of satisfaction.
Ordinal Variable
Values which cannot be organized in a logical sequence.
Example: Learning styles, language spoken, blood types, plate numbers
Nominal Variable
-variable that determine the CAUSAL relationships
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE
Something that a researcher is interested in is considered as a variable.
Remember!
5 types of Experimental Variable
Independent variable (CAUSAL)
Dependent variable (EFFECT)
Control variable
Moderating variable
Extraneous variable
-presumed to cause changes in another variable
-usually manipulated in an experiment
Independent variable (CAUSAL)
-variables that change because of another variable
-usually affected by the manipulation of the independent variable
-variables that are monitored in an experiment
Dependent variable (EFFECT)
-variables that are held CONSTANT
-help to identify the possible differences outcomes as a result of controlling certain variable
Control variable
-variable that delineates how a relationship of interest changes under different conditions or circumstances
-either quantitative or qualitative
Moderating variable
-variables that are ALREADY EXISTING during the conduct of an experiment
-these variables could influence the results of the study
-as much as possible, must be controlled because they can offer an alternative result
Extraneous variable
-variables which CANNOT be manipulated by the researcher
NON EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE
2 types of NON EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE
Predictor variables
Criterion variables
-variables that change/affect other variables in a non experimental
Predictor variables
-variables that are influenced by the predictor variable in a on-experimental study
Criterion variables
