Valvular Heart Disease/Cardiomyopathy/Cardiac muscle related

Question 1

Cardiomyopathy Background

Answer 1

• Structural and functional abnormalities in the absence of HT, CAD, valvular disease

Question 2

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 2

• Most common type
• Lt ventricle chamber dilate–>can’t contract normally–>heart failure
• Systolic dysfunction

Risk factors:
- Third trimester
- Toxin (alcohol)
- Myocarditis

Question 3

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 3

• Heart muscle cells enlarged
  –> Thickened ventricle walls
  –> Heart chamber smaller
  –> Dec. CO
• Diastolic dysfunction
• S/S: sudden chest pain, SOB, dizziness
  Risk factor:
  Young athletes (sudden death)

Question 4

Aortic stenosis

Answer 4

• Most common
• Calcification due to age/lipid accumulation
• lead to Lt systolic dysfunction

S/S
- SOB during exercise
- Angina/Syncope
- Heart murmur
- Lt ventricular hypertrophy

Question 5

Aortic insufficiency

Answer 5

• Acute AI
  –> Rapid increase Lt ventricle pressure
  –> Increase Lt atrium pressure
  –> pulmonary edema

Question 6

Mitral stenosis

Answer 6

• Secondary to rheumatic fever
  S/S
  -SOB on exertion
  -Angina
  -Orthopnea
  -Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Question 7

Mitral insufficiency

Answer 7

Mild: Asymptomatic
Severe: arrhythmias, syncope, fatigue, light-headedness, TIA, SOB

Question 8

Cardiac Tamponade Definition & Cause

Answer 8

=Compression of the heart due to blood/fluid buildup in the pericardial sac

Cause:
- Cardiac surgery (puncture wound through the heart)
- Post MI
- Malignant disease
- TB

Question 9

Cardiac Tamponade S/S

Answer 9

• Jugular vein distension
• Hypotension
• Muffled heart sound
• Cyanosis
• LOC
• Shock

Question 10

Infective Endocarditis Definition & Cause

Answer 10

=Inflammatory destruction of heart tissue (usually heart valves)

Cause:
- bacterial infection

Question 11

Infective Endocarditis S/S, Rx

Answer 11

S/S:
- fever
- chills
- weakness
- murmur

Rx:
- Prevention is key
- High dose of antibiotics