Valvular Heart Disease Flashcards
Stenosis
narrowing - failure of valve to open completely
Regurgitation
Leaky - insufficiency/incompetent
Valve does not close completely
Why is strep important to treat?
because long term strep can cause heart valve damage and renal damage;
T cells and B cells will get rid of bacteria from strep, but because the bacteria lodges on the heart the heart deteriorates from the T and B cells working
Causes of Valve Disease
Myxomatous degeneration - over time connective tissue on valves becomes weakened (either age or structure problem at birth) ex. Rheumatic Fever
Calcific degeneration - valves calcify over time
Congenital Defects
Ineffective endocarditis - bacteria that finds its way to heart valves and starts growing and spreading
CAD and MI
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Impedes blood flow from LA–> LV (valve doesn’t open all the way and the LV does not fill up all the way)
It results in problem with the Atrium bc the blood backs up and stretches the LA = damage to the SA node = LA starts fibulating = blood clots
Diastolic Murmur (S2)
A-fib : clotting and embolization
Pulmonary Congestion: Orthopnea, cough, poor o2
Decreased SV: Fatigue, Activity intolerance and Decreased CO
Mitral Valve Prolapse (Regurgitation) (MVP)
mitral valve is suppose to close tightly during systole, but it does not = mid systolic murmur
Blood leaks out of the L.V back into the LA = which results in a clicking sound
Bacteria like valves like this = risk of infective endocardidtis esp if having an invasive procedure = need to give prophylactic antibiotics
Manifestations: palpitations, rhythm disturbances, dizziness, dyspnea, chest pain, anxiety
Aortic Valve Stenosis
narrowed aortic valve
systolic murmur (S1) (elevated Systolic BP)
LV hypertrophy (bc excess blood) –> L heart failure
Manifestations
Angina
Syncope
Fatigue - cause your not getting the blood to the body that it needs
Hypotension (decreased peripheral pulses-not getting blood to feet)
Aortic Regurgitation
aka aortic insufficiency (floppy valve) it does not close tight enough and blood drips right back in LV hypertrophies and dilates Diastolic Murmur (S2) Manifestations: increased Systolic and Diastolic BP Bounding peripheral pulses
How do you diagnose valve disorders
Echocardiography
Trans-esophageal echocardiography - view the heart through the esophagus (invasive but better than an EKG)
What are the different classes of medications you can take for valve disorders
Digitalis Diuretics Anticoagulants Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers
What types of surgery should you have?
Commissurotomy (make a hole) - surgical incision to open stenosis (valvulotomy)
Valvuloplasty - widening using a balloon - for one using a catheter to open up the area - no stent bc don’t want the valve open at all times
Valve Replacement
Natural Valves vs. Mechanical Valves
Natural 0 blood clots; but don’t last as long
Mechanical: last a long time, but they are more prone to clots
