Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year One - Cardiovascular System > Valvular Heart Disease > Flashcards

Valvular Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is valvular heart disease?

A

It refers to a group of conditions in which the heart valves have become damaged or diseased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four valvular heart diseases?

A

Mitral stenosis

Mitral regurgitation

Aortic stenosis

Aortic regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of heart valves?

A

They are structures which ensure blood flows in only one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two classifications of heart valves?

A

Atrioventricular Valves

Semilunar Valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do we remember the location of the heart valves?

A

From right to left

All (Aortic)

Prostitutes (Pulmonary)

Take (Tricuspid)

Money (Mitral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

They are located between the atria and corresponding ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid Valve

Mitral Valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

It is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle at the right atrioventricular orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is another term for the mitral valve?

A

Bicuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the mitral valve located?

A

It is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle at the left atrioventricular orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

They are located between the ventricles and their corresponding artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

It is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk at the pulmonary orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

It is located between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta at the aortic orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the heart sounds caused by?

A

They are generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the first heart sound (S1) caused by?

A

It is caused by the closing of the atrioventricular valves at the start of systolic contraction of the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the second heart sound (S2) caused by?

A

It is caused by the closing of the semilunar vales once the systolic contraction is complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the third heart (S3) sound caused by?

A

It is when rapid ventricular filling causes the chordae tendinae to pull to their full length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is S3 heard?

A

> 0.1s after S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In which individuals does S3 suggest pathology? What pathology does it suggest? Why?

A

Older patients

Heart failure

The ventricles and chordae are stiff and weak so they reach their limit much faster than normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the fourth heart (S4) sound caused by?

A

It is caused by turbulent blood flow from an atria contracting against a non-compliant ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When is S4 heard?

A

Directly before S1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does S4 indicate?

A

Stiff ventricle

Hypertrophic ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is mitral stenosis?

A

It is a condition in which there is narrowing of the mitral valve. This results in an obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In which three locations, does mitral stenosis result in an increased pressure?

A

Left atrium

Pulmonary vasculature

Right side of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the overall result of mitral stenosis?

A

Left atrial hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the four causes of mitral stenosis?

A

Rheumatic fever

Infective endocarditis

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Carcinoid endocardial fibroelastosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

A

Rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the five clinical features of mitral stenosis?

A

Dyspnoea on exertion

Haemoptysis

Chest pain

Malar flush

Atrial fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the five mitral stenosis murmur features?

A

Mid-Diastolic, Low Pitched, Rumbling Murmur

Louder Murmur on Expiration

Loud S1

Tapping Apex Beat

Low Volume Pulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What three investigations can be used to diagnose mitral stenosis?

A

ECG

CXR

ECHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What three features indicate mitral stenosis on ECG?

A

Atrial Fibrillation

Broad P wave > 0.12 seconds

P Mitrale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What two features indicate mitral stenosis on CXR?

A

Left Atrial Enlargement

Pulmonary Oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What three features indicate mitral stenosis on ECHO?

A

Mitral Valve Cross-Section < 1sqcm

Thickening & Scarring of Valve Cusps

Commissure Fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the normal cross-sectional area of the mitral valve?

A

4-6 sq cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

When is conservative management of mitral stenosis recommended?

A

It is recommended in individuals who are asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the two conservative management options for mitral stenosis?

A

We manage cardiovascular risk factors

We regularly monitor with ECHO scans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When is pharmacological management of mitral stenosis recommended?

A

It is recommended as a first line treatment option in individuals who are symptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the two pharmacological treatment options for mitral stenosis?

A

Diuretics

Anticoagulants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How are diuretics used to manage mitral stenosis?

A

They reduce the fluid build-up in the lungs and heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

When are anticoagulants administered to treat mitral stenosis?

A

They administered to individuals who develop atrial fibrillation as a result of their mitral stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When is surgical management of mitral stenosis recommended?

A

It is recommended as a second line treatment option in individuals who are symptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What three surgeries are used to treat mitral stenosis?

A

Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty

Commissurotomy

Mitral valve replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty?

A

It is a procedure in which a catheter, with an attached balloon, is inserted into an artery and guided towards the narrowed valve

Once in position, the balloon is inflated to widen the valve – improving blood flow

The balloon is then deflated, and the catheter with the balloon is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is commissurotomy ?

A

It is a procedure in which calcium deposits and scar tissue are removed to clear the valve passageway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is mitral valve replacement?

A

It is a procedure in which the mitral valve is replaced with a mechanical valve or biological tissue valve

47
Q

What is another term for mitral regurgitation?

A

Mitral insufficiency

48
Q

What is mitral regurgitation?

A

It occurs when blood leaks back through the mitral valve on systole

This means that blood can flow in two directions during the contraction; into the left atrium and the left ventricle

49
Q

What is the pathological effect of mitral regurgitation?

A

It results in congestive cardiac failure as the leaking valve causes a reduced ejection fraction and a backlog of blood into the left atrium

Left atrial dilatation

50
Q

What is the overall result of mitral regurgitation?

A

Left atrial dilatation

51
Q

What is the second most common valve disease?

A

Mitral regurgittaion

52
Q

What are the six risk factors for mitral regurgitation?

A

Female Sex

Low Body Mass

Increased Age

Renal Dysfunction

Myocardial Infarction History

Mitral Stenosis/Prolapse History

53
Q

What are the five causes of mitral regurgitation?

A

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Ischaemic Heart Disease (MI)

Infective Endocarditis

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Collagen Disorders

54
Q

What is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation?

A

Mitral valve prolapse

55
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse?

A

It is a condition in which the flaps of the mitral valve don’t close smoothly or evenly, but instead bulge upwards into the left atrium

56
Q

What two collagen disorders are associated with mitral regurgitation?

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

57
Q

How does mitral regurgitation tend to present?

A

Asymptomatically

58
Q

When does mitral regurgitation tend to become symptomatic?

A

Due to failure of the left ventricle, arrhythmias or pulmonary hypertension

59
Q

What are the three clinical features of mitral regurgitation?

A

Fatigue

Shortness of breath

Oedema

60
Q

What are five murmur features of mitral regurgitation?

A

Holosystolic, High Pitched, Whistling Murmur

Murmur Radiation To Axilla

Quiet, Soft S1

S3 Sound

Widely Split S2

61
Q

What are the three investigations used to diagnose mitral regurgitation?

A

ECG

CXR

ECHO

62
Q

What are the two signs of mitral regurgitation on ECG?

A

Broad P wave > 0.12s

Atrial Fibrillation

63
Q

What are three signs of mitral regurgitation on CXR?

A

Enlarged Left Atrium

Enlarged Left Ventricle

Pulmonary Oedema

64
Q

How are ECHO scans used to investigate mitral regurgitation?

A

It is used to diagnose and to assess the severity

65
Q

What are the four management options for mitral regurgitation in acute cases?

A

Nitrates

Diuretics

Positive inotropes

Intra-aortic balloon pump

66
Q

In what three ways do we conservatively treat chronic mitral regurgitation?

A

We manage cardiovascular risk factors

We conduct regular monitoring with ECHO scans

We manage complications

67
Q

When is pharmacological management of mitral regurgitation recommended?

A

It is recommended as a first line treatment option in individuals who are symptomatic

68
Q

In what two ways do we pharmacologically treat chronic mitral regurgitation?

A

Diuretics

Anticoagulants

69
Q

How are diuretics used to manage mitral regurgitation?

A

They reduce the fluid build up in the lungs and heart

70
Q

When are anticoagulants used to manage mitral regurgitation?

A

They are administered to individuals who develop atrial fibrillation as a result of their mitral regurgitation

71
Q

When is surgical management of mitral regurgitation recommended?

A

It is recommended as a second line treatment option in individuals who are symptomatic

72
Q

What two surgical procedures are used to manage mitral regurgitation?

A

Mitral Valve Repair

Mitral Valve Replacement

73
Q

What surgical procedure is preferred to treat mitral regurgitation - repair or replacement?

A

Mitral valve repair

74
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

A

It is a condition in which there is narrowing of the aortic valve

This results in an obstruction of blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta

75
Q

What is the overall result of aortic stenosis?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

76
Q

What is the most common valvular heart disease?

A

Aortic stenosis

77
Q

What are the four causes of aortic stenosis?

A

Degenerative Calcification

Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve

William’s Syndrome

Post-Rheumatic Disease

78
Q

What is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in older patients > 65?

A

Degenerative calcification

79
Q

What is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in older patients < 65?

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

80
Q

What are the three symptoms of aortic stenosis?

A

Dyspnoea On Exertion

Syncope On Exertion

Chest Pain

81
Q

What are the nine murmur features on aortic stenosis?

A

Ejection Systolic, High Pitched Murmur

Crescendo-Decrescendo Murmur

Murmur Radiation To Carotids

Decreased Murmur with Valsalva Manoeuvre

Narrow Pulse Pressure

Slow Rising Pulse

Soft Split S2

S4 Sound

Thrill

82
Q

What would cause an aortic stenosis murmur to become quieter?

A

Left ventricular systolic dysfunction

83
Q

What three investigations are used to diagnose aortic stenosis?

A

ECG

CXR

ECHO

84
Q

What are the two features of aortic stenosis on ECG?

A

ST Segment Depression

T-Wave Inversion

85
Q

What are the two features of aortic stenosis on CXR?

A

Aortic Valve Calcification

Left Ventricular Enlargement

86
Q

How is an ECHO used to diagnose aortic stenosis?

A

It is used to diagnose and calculate the severity of aortic stenosis

87
Q

When is conservative management of aortic stenosis recommended?

A

It is recommended in individuals who are asymptomatic and have a valvular gradient < 40mmHg

88
Q

What are the two conservative management options of aortic stenosis?

A

We manage cardiovascular risk factors

We monitor regularly with ECHO scans

89
Q

In which two circumstances is surgical management of aortic stenosis recommended?

A

Symptomatic

A valvular gradient > 40mmHg

90
Q

What are the two surgical management options of aortic stenosis?

A

Aortic Valve Replacement

Percutaneous Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty

91
Q

What is aortic valve replacement?

A

It is a procedure in which the aortic valve is replaced with a mechanical valve or biological tissue valve

92
Q

What are the two types of aortic valve replacements?

A

Transcatheter aortic replacements

Surgical aortic replacements

93
Q

When is transcatheter aortic valve replacements recommended?

A

In symptomatic high operative risk patients

94
Q

When is surgical aortic valve replacement recommended?

A

In symptomatic low-medium operative risk patients

95
Q

What is percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty?

A

It is a procedure in which a catheter, with an attached balloon, is inserted into an artery and guided towards the narrowed valve

Once in position, the balloon is inflated to widen the valve – improving blood flow

The balloon is then deflated, and the catheter with the balloon is removed

96
Q

When is percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty recommended?

A

It is selected in in children with no aortic valve calcification

It is selected in adults with critical aortic stenosis who are not fit for valve replacement

97
Q

What is aortic regurgitation?

A

It is the leaking of the aortic valve at the end of systolic ejection

This allows blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle

98
Q

What is the overall result of aortic regurgitation?

A

Left atrial dilatation

99
Q

What are the eight causes of aortic regurgitation?

A

Rheumatic Fever*

Infective Endocarditis

Connective Tissue Diseases

Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Aortic Dissection

Spondyloarthropathies

Hypertension

Syphilis

100
Q

What four connective tissue disorders are associated with mitral regurgitation?

A

Marfan’s syndrome

Ehler-Danlos syndrome

Rheumatoid arhtritis

SLE

101
Q

What are the four symptoms of aortic regurgitation?

A

Chest pain

S.O.B

Orthopnea

Syncope

102
Q

What are the six murmur features of aortic regurgitation?

A

Early-Diastolic, High Pitched, Blowing Murmur

Collapsing Pulse

Wide Pulse Pressure

Quincke’s Sign

De Musset’s Sign

Austin Flint Murmur

103
Q

What is a collapsing pulse?

A

It is a rapidly appearing and disappearing pulse as the blood is pushed out of by the ventricles and then immediacy flows back through the aortic valve back into the ventricles

104
Q

What is Quincke’s sign?

A

This is when the pulse is felt in the nailbed

105
Q

What is de Musset’s sign?

A

This is when the patient’s head nods in time with their heartbeat

106
Q

What is an Austin Flint murmur? What is the cause of this?

A

It is a mid-late diastolic murmur, ‘rumbling’ in character heard at the apex

It is caused by blood flowing back through the aortic valve and over the mitral valve causing it to vibrate

107
Q

What are three investigations used to diagnose aortic regurgitation?

A

ECG

CXR

ECHO

108
Q

What are the two features of aortic regurgitation on ECG?

A

Enlarged Left Atrium

Enlarged Left Ventricle

109
Q

What are the three features of aortic regurgitation on CXR?

A

Left Ventricular Enlargement

Aortic Valve Calcification

Aortic Root Dilation

110
Q

How are ECHO scans used to diagnose aortic regurgitation?

A

They are used to confirm the diagnosis of aortic regurgitation and determine its severity

111
Q

When do we treat aortic regurgitation conservatively?

A

It is recommended in individuals who are asymptomatic

112
Q

In what two ways do we manage aortic regurgitation conservatively?

A

We manage cardiovascular risk factors

We monitor with ECHO scans regularly

113
Q

When do we treat aortic regurgitation surgically?

A

It is recommended in individuals who are symptomatic and have severe aortic regurgitation

114
Q

What are the two ways in which we surgically manage aortic regurgitation?

A

Aortic Valve Repair

Aortic Valve Replacement

Year One - Cardiovascular System (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions