Valvular heart disease Flashcards
What is the definition of a valve?
A device for controlling the passage of fluid through a pipe or duct, especially an automatic device allowing movement in one direction only
What are the 4 heart valve?
- Pulmonary
- Mitral
- Tricuspid
- Aortic
Which valve does blood pass through when it moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
mitral
Which valve does blood pass through when it moves from the left ventricle to the aorta?
Aortic
Which valve does blood pass through when it moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle?
Tricuspid
Which valve does blood pass through when it moves from the left ventricle to the pulmonary artery ?
Pulmonary
What are the semilunar valves?
Aortic and pulmonary
How do the semilunar valves work?
They are made up of cusps, blood flowing backwards fill up the pockets so they close
How does the naming of the aortic valve leaflets work?
Right, left and non coronary. Named depending on if there is a coronary artery originating from the valve pocket or not
What are the components of an atrioventricular valve?
- Valve leaflets
- Chordae tendinae
- Papillary muscles
What pathology can affect the valve leaflets?
- Calcification
- Thickening
- Degeneration
- Infection
- Prolapse
What pathology can affect the apparatus/annulus?
- Annular dilation
- Annular calcification
- Apparatus tethering/thickening/rupture
- Regional wall motion abnormality
What causes stenosis?
Pressure overload
What causes regurgitation?
Volume overload
What are the symptoms of acute rheumatic fever?
Painful joints, fever, rash
How does rheumatic fever predispose to valvular heart disease?
- Antibody cross reactivity affects the connective tissue
* Cardiac injury is generated by recurrent inflammation and fibrinous repair and scarring
What causes aortic stenosis?
•Increased LV cavity pressure •Pressure overload due to left ventricular hypertrophy •Due to: - thickening - calcification - rheumatic valve disease - congenital
What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis?
- Shortness of breath
- Presyncope
- Syncope
- Chest pain
- Reduced exercise capacity
What are the signs of aortic stenosis?
- Ejection systolic murmur
- Soft/quiet second heart sound
- Narrowed pulse pressure
- heaving apex beat
- Signs of heart failure
What are the causes of aortic regurgitation?
- Volume overload
- LV dilation
- due to:
•Degeneration
•Rheumatic valve disease
•Aortic root dilation
•Systemic disease associated with marfans, Ehlers danlos, ankylosing spondylitis, SLE
•Endocarditis
What are the symptoms of aortic regurgitation?
- Shortness of breath
* Reduced exercise capacity
What are the signs of aortic regurgitation?
- Early diastolic murmur
- Increased pulse pressure
- Collapsing pulse
- Signs of heart failure
- Eponymous signs: corrigans, Quinkes and De mussets
What is Corrigan’s sign
Carotid pulsation
What is Quinke’s sign?
Nail bed pulsation
