Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Week 5 - Cardiology > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of hypertension? (3 points)

A
  • Persistently elevated arterial blood pressure >140/90mmHg
  • The BP level that increases the vascular risk in patients sufficient to require intervention
  • The threshold at which the benefits of action exceed those of inaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is hypertension a risk factor for?

A
  • Development of coronary artery disease
  • cerebrovascular disease
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • Heart failure
  • End stage renal disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the non modifiable risk factors associated with hypertension?

A
  • age
  • Gender
  • Race
  • Genetic factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors of hypertension?

A
  • Exercise
  • Diet
  • Obesity
  • alcohol in excess
  • Stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the endocrine causes of hypertension?

A
  • Hyperaldosteronism
  • Phaeochromocytoma
  • Thyroid disorders
  • Cushing’s syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the vascular causes of hypertension?

A

coarctation of the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the renal causes of hypertension?

A
  • Renal artery stenosis

* Renal parenchymal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What drugs can cause hypertension?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • Herbal remedies
  • Cocaine
  • Exogenous steroid use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the physical examination components of a systemic hypertension assessment?

A
  • BP readings of both arms, consider ABPM
  • Examination of the heart and lungs
  • Ausculation for carotid/abdominal/femoral bruit
  • Examination of the thyroid gland
  • Examination of the abdomen
  • Palpation of the lower extremities for oedema and pulses
  • Optic fundi examination
  • Neurological exam and cognitive status assessment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What investigations should be carried out in the assessment of hypertension?

A
  • Routine metabolic panel and lipids
  • Renal function (eGFR and Creatinine)
  • FBC
  • Urinalysis
  • ECG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What investigations should be carried out in the assessment of hypertension?

A
  • Routine metabolic panel and lipids
  • Renal function (eGFR and Creatinine)
  • FBC
  • Urinalysis
  • ECG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If you are suspecting a secondary hypertension or if the BP has been hard to control, what extra tests should be carried out?

A
  • Echocardiogram and doppler
  • Sleep study (looking for signs of obstructive sleep apnoea)
  • Pheochromocytoma screen
  • TFTs
  • Plasma renin/aldosterone
  • Renal artery imaging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the lifestyle modifications for the management of systemic hypertension?

A
  • Education
  • Sodium reduction
  • DASH diet
  • Weight loss to a BMI of about 25kg/m^2
  • Increased physical activity (150 mins a week)
  • Limited alcohol consumption
  • Smoking cessation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the steps of pharmacological management of hypertension?

A
  • Step 1: CCB (>55/black African) or ACEi/ARB (<55)
  • Step 2: ACEi or ARB, and CCB (or switch the new drug out for a thiazide like diuretic)
  • Step 3: ACEi/ARB, CCB and thiazide like diuretic or an alpha or beta blocker (depending on potassium level)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hypertension?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

At what blood pressure measurement in clinic should you start drug treatment immediately?

A

Over 180/120mmHg if there is also target organ damage

17
Q

When should you refer for same day specialist review in HTN?

A

•180/120mmHg if there is retinal haemorrhage/papilloedema or life threatening symptoms or suspected pheochromocytoma

18
Q

Name 5 examples of end organ damage

A
  • Blindness
  • Heart attack/failure
  • Kidney failure
  • Arterioslcerosis
  • Stroke
19
Q

What is grade 1 hypertension?

A
  • Systolic 140-159 mmHg

* Diastolic 90-99

20
Q

What is grade 2 hypertension?

A
  • Systolic 160-179

* Diastolic: 100-109

21
Q

What is grade 3 hypertension?

A
  • systolic ≥180

* Diastolic ≥110

22
Q

What is isolated systolic hypertension?

A
  • Systolic ≥ 140

* Diastolic <90

23
Q

Management of Grade 1 hypertension

A
  • Lifestyle advice
  • Immediate drug treatment in high or very high risk patients with CVD, renal disease or HMOD
  • Drug treatment in low risk patients after 3-6 months of lifestyle intervention if BP is not controlled
24
Q

What is the management of grade 2 or 3 hypertension?

A
  • Lifestyle advice
  • Immediate drug treatment in all patients
  • Aim for control within 3 months

Week 5 - Cardiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions