Valvular disease & heart failure Flashcards
How do you calculate stroke volume?
End diastolic volume - end systolic volume
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Stroke volume x HR
How do you calculate ejection fraction?
stroke volume/EDV
How do you calculate mean arterial pressure?
diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic - diastolic)
What is infective endocarditis?
Infection of the lining of heart chambers & valves
What is the most common organism that causes infective endocarditis?
Streptococci
What is a vegetation?
Bacterial infection surrounded by layer of platelets and fibrin
How do you diagnose infective endocarditis?
Blood tests (anaemia, infection markers)
Blood cultures
Echocardiogram
Heart murmurs
What are the symptoms of infective endocarditis?
Fever
Malaise
Unexplained weight loss
Sweats
What is the order in which the valves are most commonly affected in infective endocarditis? How does this differ in IV drug users?
Aortic > mitral > right sided
Tricuspid most likely in IV drug users
What parameters from Duke’s criteria are used to determine definitive and possible endocarditis?
Majors & minors
Definitive:
2 major
1 major & 3 minor
5 minor
Possible:
1 major & >1 minor
3 minor
What is the definition of heart decompensation?
Inability of heart to maintain adequate circulation
What are the signs & symptoms of heart decompensation?
SOB
Coughing
Pitting peripheral oedema
Raised JVP
Lung crackles
What are some other manifestations of cardiac decompensation?
Janeway lesions (nontender, palms & soles)
Osler’s nodes (painful, fingertips)
Roth spots (retina)
Stroke
Splinter haemorraghes
What is dilated cardiomyopathy?
Dilated & thin-walled cardiac chambers with reduced contractility
