Valve Disorders Flashcards
What is mitral stenosis?
The mitral valve thickens and gets narrower, blocking blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
What is the cause of mitral stenosis and who is mostly affected?
Most cases are caused by rheumatic fever; majority of clients are female
What are the signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis?
Mild-asymptomatic heart murmur, dyspnea on exertion/cough, orthopnea, sudden waking in the night due to shortness of breath, crackles in lungs, weakness, fatigue, palpitations, and mild weight gain
How do you diagnosis mitral stenosis?
history and physical, ECG (right side of heart is enlarged), echocardiogram (reduced mitral valve area), cardiac catheterization (normal coronary arteries), and chest x-ray (enlarged heart)
If a client has had valve surgery, what should the nurse be looking for and how should they treat it?
hypotension and arrhythmias; administer anticoagulants using PTT for heparin and INR for warfarin
What is mitral valve regurgitation?
The damaged mitral valves allows blood from the left ventricle to flow back into the left atrium; this back flow causes the atrium to enlarge
What is the cause of mitral valve regurgitation?
Follows birth defects and/or mitral valve calcification
What are the signs and symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation?
Orthopnea, dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, chest pain, palpitations, systolic murmur at apex, high pitched blowing murmur, JVD, peripheral edema, and hepatomegaly
How do you diagnosis mitral valve regurgitation?
ECG (arrhythmias), echocardiogram (blood flow), cardiac catheterization (shows regurgitation/ cleans the arteries), chest x-ray (cardiomegaly & pulmonary congestion)
If a patient has had valve surgery, what should the nurse watch for?
hypotension and arrhythmias
What is tricuspid stenosis?
Narrowing of the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
What is the cause of tricuspid stenosis?
Narrowing of the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
What is the cause of tricuspid stenosis?
Caused by rheumatic fever; relatively uncommon
What are the signs and symptoms of tricuspid stenosis?
Dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, syncope, peripheral edema, jaundice, JVD, and malnourishment
What are the signs that tricuspid stenosis has led to right ventricular failure?
jaundice, severe peripheral edema, and ascites
How do you diagnosis tricuspid stenosis?
EKG (arrhythmias) and echocardiogram (stenosis)
What is tricuspid valve insufficiency? (tricuspid valve regurgitation)
Tricuspid valve does not close properly during ventricular systole, allowing blood to leak from the right ventricle to the right atrium
What is the cause of tricuspid valve insufficiency?
It is most common in late stages of heart failure, IV drug use, and/ or lesions on other valves; relatively uncommon
What are the signs and symptoms of tricuspid valve insufficiency?
Right sided heart failure, dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, syncope, JVD, peripheral edema, ascites,
How do you diagnosis tricuspid valve insufficiency?
echocardiogram shows abnormal tricuspid valve movement and regurgitation
How do you manage any type of heart failure? What is the mnemonic?
DO-ABLE: Diuretics (relieve congestion and fluid overload), oxygen (correct hypoxia), ACE inhibitors (reduce pre-load and after-load), beta blockers (reduce workload of the heart), low sodium diet (prevent fluid retention), exercise
How do you assess a patient with heart failure? What is the mnemonic?
CARDIAc LeVeLS: Chest discomfort, Activity as tolerated, Response to drug therapy, Depression and anxiety, Increased weight, Arrhythmias, Lightheadedness, Vital sign changes, Level of consciousness decreased, Shortness of breath
What should the nurse teach the patient and client about self-care for heart failure? What is the mnemonic?
REAL: Report findings of heart failure (weight gain, worsening dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue), Exercise (start slow), Adherence to cardiac medications, and Low sodium diet (limit to 2000 mg per day)
Before any dental work or an invasive procedure, a heart patient should be on what?
Antibiotics to reduce chance of infection
