Valve diseases

Question 1

Aortic Stenosis: Definition

Question 2

Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms

Answer 2

chest pain
dyspnoea
syncope / presyncope (e.g. exertional dizziness)

Question 3

Atrial Stenosis: Findings

Answer 3

murmur
- an ejection systolic murmur (ESM)
- classically radiates to the carotids
- decreased following the Valsalva manoeuvre
narrow pulse pressure
slow rising pulse
delayed ESM
soft/absent S2
S4
thrill
duration of murmur
left ventricular hypertrophy or failure

Question 4

Aortic Stenosis: Causes

Answer 4

degenerative calcification (most common cause in older patients > 65 years)
bicuspid aortic valve (most common cause in younger patients < 65 years)
William’s syndrome (supravalvular aortic stenosis)
post-rheumatic disease
subvalvular: HOCM

Question 5

Aortic Stenosis: Management