Values - acid base + enzymes

Question 1

pH

Answer 1

7.35 - 7.45

Question 2

pCO2

p02

Answer 2

35 - 45 mmHg

80-105 mmHg

Question 3

Standard bicarbonate (stHCO-3)

Answer 3

21 - 26 mmol/l

Question 4

BE

Answer 4

0+-3 mmol/l

Question 5

02 sat

Answer 5

95-98 %

Question 6

alpha amylase

Answer 6

< 180 U/l

Pancreatic enzyme.
HIGH: acute or chronic pancreatitis, cholecystitis, macroamylasemia, gastroenteritis, perforated ulcer, ectopic pregnancy, salivary gland infection, intestinal blockage

LOW: preeclampsia, direct damage of kidney (trauma and bleeding, lack og oxygen)

Question 7

ALAT (GPT)

ASAT (GOT)

Answer 7

ALAT (GPT): <45 U/l
ASAT (GOT): <45 U/l

ALAT: enzyme found in liver cells. Damage/strain –> enzyme leaks into blood. High values seen in hepatitis, mononucleosis, gall stones

ASAT: enzyme found in liver and heart. Damage –> leakage into blood. High values seen in MI, hepatitis, muscle disease, lung emboli or strenous exercise

ASAT/ALAT ratio
- High: malignant liver disease, circulatory disturbances, acute hepatitis

Question 8

ALP (alkaline phosphatase)

Answer 8

<150 U/l

Breaks down proteins in body. Made in liver, bones, intestines, kidneys.
High: bilary obstruction, bone disease, liver disease, leukemia, lymphoma, pregnancy
Low: hypophosphatemia, anemias (aplastic, pernicious, chronic myelogenous), enteritis, achondroplasia, oral contraceptives

Question 9

CK (creatinine kinase)

Answer 9

<200 U/l

Active in striated muscle, heart and brain. Elevated levels indicates muscular dystrophy, MI, stroke, skeletal muscle injury, strenous exercise.

Question 10

GGT (gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase)

Answer 10

< 60 U/l

Used to determine origin of elevated ALP. Both GGT and ALP is elevated in case of bile duct and some liver disease, but only ALP is elevated in bone disease.
Elevation of GGT can also indicate chronic alcohol abuse.

elevation: hepatitis, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, diabetes, pancreatitis, alcohol/drug abuse,
Normal: unlikely that patient has liver disease or consumed alcohol

Question 11

LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)

Answer 11

< 160 U/l

High levels: acute or chronic cell damage.
Ex. stroke, cancer, MI, hemolytic anemia, infectious mononucleosis, liver disease like hepatitis, low blood pressure, muscle injury, moscular dystrophy, pancreatitis, tissue death, alcohol and drug use