Valley Module 1 a - Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what does not diffuse through lipid bilayer

A

large water soluble molecules & Ions ( ions are least likely to penetrate lipid bilayer)

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2
Q

give example of pinocytosis?

A

proteins reabsorbed from the proximal tubule of the kidney

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3
Q

give example of phagocytosis

A

macrophages phagocytize bacteria

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4
Q

give exocytosis example

A

neurotransmitters are released from the nerve terminals

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5
Q

what is a ligand & give examples

A

what attaches to a ion channel ( iontropic receptor)

  • ligand is a chemical, drug, neurotransmitter or hormone
  • 5ht3, GABAa, Glutamate
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6
Q

what are metabolic receptors & give examples

A
  • receptors that control membrane bound enzymes

- GPCR & most adrenergic receptors ( adrenergic becuase they use adrenealine)

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7
Q

what are catalytic receptors & give examples

A

Insulin, EPO, ANP, Growth factors

- most are enzyme themselves or part of enzyme cascade

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8
Q

what are nuclear receptorss & give examples

A

Steriod hormones

- located in cytosol & nucleus

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9
Q

what is result of Na K ATPase Pump

A

3 Na move out & 2 K move in

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10
Q

why give insulin in hyperkalemia

A

Insulin moves K into cell by stimulating Na-K pump.

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11
Q

talk about Beta 2 agonist & Na -K pump

A

Beta 2 adreneric agonist stimulate Na K pump (like ritodrine & terbutaline). and thus get hypokalemia

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12
Q

what do G proteins do?

A

relay or shuttle messages from receptors to enzymes

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13
Q

name some 2nd messengers?

A

cAMP, cGMP, calcium, calmodulin, IP3, DAG

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14
Q

why must we know what tissue we are in

A

2nd messengers produce different repsonses in different tissues, like in heart cAMP increases Ca and contractility, but in bronchial smooth muscle increased cAMP decrease Ca and produces bronchdilation

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15
Q

what is so important about 2nd messengers

A

second messenger action is tissue specific

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16
Q

Gs and adenylate cyclase

A

increase contractility from B1 and bronchdilation from B2 both use Gs & AC.

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17
Q

what are steps of cAMP 2nd messenger?

A
  1. Ligand binds
  2. receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylyl cyclase
  4. ATP –> cAMP by AC
  5. cAMP make protein kinase phosphoralte protein
  6. tissue specific response
    examples EPI & Ach
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18
Q

what are steps of Ca 2nd messenger?

A
  1. ligand binds
  2. activates G protein (Gq)
  3. activates Phospholipase C
  4. Phospholipase C becomes IP3 & DAG
  5. IP3 releases Ca
    Bronchoconstriction
19
Q

How does NO (Nitric Oxide) work?

A

activates cGMP by diffusing through membrane, does not bind outside.
get Bronchodilation

20
Q

hwo do NTG & Nitroprusside affect bronchus?

A

promote bronchodilationby increasing concentration of cGMP.

21
Q

how does IP3 cause an effect?

A

IP3 from M3 receptor stimulation results in conversion of PIP2 to IP3 by Phospholipase C. IP3 release Ca which promotes Bronchoconstriction.

22
Q

What medications can block M3 in the lungs

A

Atropine & Ipratropium (Atrovent) block M3 and cause bronchodilation

23
Q

which first messenger dose not bind to a cell membrane receptor

A

NO diffuse thru the cell to turn GTP to cGMP

(just as ATP becomes cAMP)

24
Q

which substance least penetrates lipid Bilayer

25
myocardial contractility by dobutamine involves what G protein, enzyme and second messenger in signal transduction system.
Gs, Adenylate cyclase & cAMP
26
what stimulates the NaK pump
Insulin & Epinephrine
27
which electrolyte disturbance cuases RMP to increase
HYPERKalemia
28
5HT3 receptor is antagonized by ondansetron, what type of receptor is serontonergic 5HT3 receptor
ionotropic
29
the ion channel that governs RMP is
Leaky K channel
30
Anaerobic vs aerobic moles of ATP formed
2 vs 38, why more energy efficient
31
what is end result of oxygen consumption
ATP production
32
where is most ATP produced
inner membrane of mitochondria
33
where is glycogen stored and for how long
skeletal muscles (400g) & Liver (100g) for 24 hours
34
fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
35
water soluble vitamins
B & C
36
what properties make a substance pass thru lipid bilayer
small and uncharged or lipid soluble
37
what substances do not diffuse thru the lipid bilayer
large & water soluble
38
what are goblet cells and where are they located
in GI & respitory tract and secrete mucus
39
where are ciliated cells located
fallopian tubes and respiratory tract
40
what enzyme converts ATP to ADP
Adenylate cyclase
41
what enzyme breaksdown cAMP to 5AMP
PDE - Phosphodiesterase
42
which aminoacid is precursor to NO
L arginine
43
what enzyme family catalyses the release of NO from L arginine
Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS)