Validity

Question 1

internal validity is all about

Answer 1

control

Question 2

internal validity is about what happens

Answer 2

within the study

Question 3

to deal with low internal validity we need to

Answer 3

control extraneous/confounding variables

Question 4

three participant variables

Answer 4

1) repeated measures/matched pairs design
2) random allocation to conditions
3) large sample

Question 5

two situational variables

Answer 5

1) standardized procedures
2) controlled environment

Question 6

two researcher bias

Answer 6

1) double blind
2) independent researcher

Question 7

four demand characteristics

Answer 7

1) deception
2) single blind
3) filler tasks/questions
4) high realism

Question 8

two order effects

Answer 8

1) counterbalancing
2) independent/matched measures design

Question 9

problem: flawed behaviours categories

Answer 9

solutions:
1) pilot study
2) give the observers training and practice and time to discuss and ask questions

Question 10

problem: presence of an observer

Answer 10

solution: covert observation

Question 11

problem: observer bias

Answer 11

solutions:
1) more than one observer and correlate their data
2) if data collected is similar then there is unlikely to have been bias

Question 12

problem: difficulty in recording accurate data

Answer 12

solutions:
1) use recording equipment
2) therefore observations can be replayed and analysed

Question 13

what is the key problem in gathering accurate, valid data from self-report

Answer 13

social desirability bias, bad memory etc.

Question 14

problem: no appropriate option to choose as an answer, so participants can’t put what they feel

Answer 14

solution: use open ended questions

Question 15

problem: some people don’t know what they think or feel

Answer 15

solution: give p’s some options for possible answers

Question 16

problem: giving socially acceptable answers rather than honest ones (social desirability bias)

Answer 16

solutions:
1) add a lie scale (this is a set of questions that determine if the participant is lying)
2) make the self-report anonymous and/or online, tell them answers are confidential

Question 17

problem: leading questions/ambiguous (unclear) questions

Answer 17

solution: change or remove problematic questions

Question 18

problem: interviewer bias - the interviewers’ expectations, beliefs and prejudices may influence the answers given by the p

Answer 18

solution: use a different research method e.g. observation, experiment

Question 19

problem: interviewer effects - something about the characteristics of the interviewer influences the answers the participants give, e.g. age, gender, attractiveness

Answer 19

solution: use a questionnaire rather than an interview

Question 20

external validity is about

Answer 20

generalizing

Question 21

external validity is about what happens

Answer 21

to the findings after the study

Question 22

improving external validity - ecological validity

Answer 22

change the location/setting to something more representative of every day life and natural environment. everyday life e.g. field - mundane realism

Question 23

improving external validity - population validity

Answer 23

use a more representative sampling method e.g. stratified or random good especially if population is large - large sample

Question 24

improving external validity - historical (temporal) validity

Answer 24

replicate the study in the current day to see if results are the same

Question 25

mundane realism

Answer 25

describes the degree to which the materials and procedures involved in an experiment are similar to events that occur in the real world. if it has high mundane realism it is likely that it will be ecologically valid

Question 26

face validity

Answer 26

whether the test appears (at face value) to measure what it claims, hence, it is subjective. tests if the purpose is clear, even to people who don't know the aims of the study.

Question 27

predictive validity

Answer 27

the degree to which a test accurately forecasts a future outcome on a more broadly related topic. do the findings apply in different and more varied situations

Question 28

content validity

Answer 28

objectively checks whether the method of measuring behaviour is accurate and whether it is a fair test which achieves the aims of the study (internal validity). this can be checked by asking an expert in that specific area to check if the test is valid

Question 29

concurrent validity

Answer 29

validating a measurement by comparing it with an established one that has known validity. if there are similar results across both tests, the new test has concurrent validity. if not, the new test would have to be redesigned and carried out

Question 30

construct validity

Answer 30

looks at whether the overall results reflect the phenomena (external validity). it is achieved by checking the existing definitions of the behaviour being studied and redesigning the test if it measures a different construct

Question 31

how was our method of loci practical high in internal validity?

Answer 31

standardised procedures and distraction tasks

Question 32

how was our method of loci practical low in internal validity?

Answer 32

small sample size, participant variables - not a good representation of people

Question 33

how was our method of loci practical high in external validity?

Answer 33

can be repeated and used on other students in a level psychology

Question 34

how was our method of loci practical low in external validity?

Answer 34

low population validity and no mundane realism