validity Flashcards

1
Q

model we create to study our reasoning. there can be infinitely many

A

logical system

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2
Q

the rules and principles of reasoning that we use every day. the study of our reasoning.

A

logic

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3
Q

the structure of logic. replacing words with symbols reveals form. reasoning depends on form

A

formal/ symbolic logic

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4
Q

whenever the premises are true, the conclusion is also true.

A

deductive logical entailment

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5
Q

true or false: it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false

A

true

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6
Q

true or false: whenever the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false

A

true

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7
Q

what makes a valid argument?

A

premises entail the conclusion

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8
Q

possibility and likelihood in logic. (“probably”, “likely”)

A

inductive logic

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9
Q

guarantee and certainty in logic (“it is certain that…”, “guarantees that”)

A

deductive logic

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10
Q

give people the benefit of doubt and interpret their arguments in a reasonable way

A

principle of clarity

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11
Q

true or false: circular reasoning is valid

A

true

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12
Q

true or false: an argument w contradictory premises is valid

A

true

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13
Q

what makes an argument invalid?

A

when the premises are true and the conclusion is false

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14
Q

a necessary truth due to logical laws

A

logical truth

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15
Q

a necessary falsehood due to logical laws

A

logical falsity

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16
Q

true or false: an argument with a logically ture conclusion is always valid

A

true

17
Q

something that might or might not be the case from a logical point of view; not necessary.

A

contingent

18
Q

something that must be true because of the laws of logic

A

logical necessity

19
Q

adding premises to make a new argument

A

augmentation

20
Q

true or false: augmentation can make a valid argument invalid

A

false

21
Q

valid + true premises

A

sound

22
Q

what are the 3 weird cases of validity?

A

circular reasoning, logically true conclusions, and contradictory premises

23
Q

what is an atomic sentence?

A

letters, no symbols

24
Q

what is the number of rows in a truth table?

A

2^n

25
Q

grammar and form

A

syntax

26
Q

meaning and truth

A

semantics

27
Q

use and context

A

pragmatics

28
Q

a sentence that is logically true because of the truth functional connectives (Pv~P)

A

tautology

29
Q

simplify using demorgan’s:
1. ~(PvQ)
2. ~(P&Q)

A
  1. ~P&~Q
  2. ~Pv~Q
30
Q

what is a counterexample?

A

a row in which the premise is true and the conclusion false

31
Q

true or false: if an argument has true premises and a true conclusion, then it must be valid

A

false

32
Q

true or false: if an argument is invalid, then it must be unsound

A

true

33
Q

true or false: a contingently false premise can entail a contingently true conclusion

A

truet

34
Q

true or false: a contingently true premise can entail a contingently false conclusion

A

false

35
Q

true or false: a logically true premise can entail a contingently true conclusion

A

false

36
Q
A