validity✅

Question 1

definition of validity

Answer 1

• extent of which an observed effect is genuine, does it measure what it was supposed to

Question 2

whats internal validity?

how can this be affected?

Answer 2

• whether the effects observed in an experiment are due to the manipulation of the IV and not other factors
• if ppts respond to the demands characteristics and act in a way they believe is expected

Question 3

what is external validity?

Answer 3

relates to factors outside of an investigation such as generalising to other settings or areas

Question 4

what are the 4 types of validity?

Answer 4

1️⃣ face validity - a measure is scrutisininsed to determine whether it appears to measure what its supposed to measure

2️⃣ concurrent validity - the extent to which a psychological measure relates to an existing and similar measure

3️⃣ ecological validity - extent that findings can be generalised to other settings and situations

4️⃣ temporal validity - research findings from a study can be generalised to other historical times (external validity)

Question 5

how do you assess face validity?

how do you assess concurrent validity?

Answer 5

• whether a test appears to measure what its supposed to measure. can be passed by an expert
• when the results obtained match other results found by well established tests

Question 6

what are the 5 ways of improving validity:

Answer 6

1 → experimental research 
2→ questionnaires 
3→ observations 
4→ qualitative 
5→ interviews

Question 7

IMPROVING VALIDITY - EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH:

why are single and double blind studies useful?

why are standardised procedures good?

what do control groups do?

Answer 7

• improves validity and ensures focus is on reliability
• minimises the impact of ppt reactivity and investigator effects
• see if changes in the DV were due to effects of the IV

Question 8

IMPROVING VALIDITY - QUESTIONAIRES:

what type of questions are m more ideal?

how should data remain?

what scale should be incorporated?

Answer 8

• closed questions more than open
• annomous and reliable
• incorporate a ‘lie scale’ to assess the consistency of responses to control social desirability bias.

Question 9

IMPROVING VALIDITY - OBSERVATONS:

which type of observation has high ecological validity?

what must categories not do?

Answer 9

covert - as behav. is natural and authentic

• mustn’t overlap, making sure they’re measurable

Question 10

IMPROVING VALIDITY - QUALITIATIVE:

how does triangulation enhance validity?

does this have higher validity than quantitative methods?

Answer 10

• use of the number of different sources of evidence

- yes

Question 11

IMPROVING VALIDITY - INTERVIEWS:

what structure should they be?

what can you do with the interviewer to make it more valid?

Answer 11

• structured and free flowing

- use the same interviewer repeatedly