Vaccines pt. 2 Flashcards
vaccine
contains a dead or weakened or subunits of pathogens that stimulates your immune system to produce antibodies or cytotoxic T cells
Which cells need to be activated for B cells to plasma cells to make antibodies
CD4+ T cells
CD4+ T cells recognize antigen presented on
MHC II
in order to present on MHC II, antigens must be processes via
Lytic enzymes in the phagolysome
in order to generate cytotoxic T cells..
APCs need to be infected by the microbe
memory CD8+ Cells are produced when
the microbe infects an APC
attenuated vaccines
use LIVE but weekend whole bacterial cells or viruses as the antigen
inactivated vaccines
unable to replicate
- inactivate or killed whole agent
- subunit
- DNA/RNA
- Vector
advantage of using an inactivated vaccine over a live attenuated vaccine
no risk of causing infectious disease
inactivated or killed whole agent vaccines
use killed whole cells or inactivated whole viruses
subunit vaccines
use key protein antigens or antigenic fragments from a pathogen
- often require adjuvant, a chemical that enhances antigenicity by stimulating dendritic cells and macrophages
DNA or RNA vaccines
inject pieces of the pathogen’s genetic code
vector vaccines
use a chemically weekend virus to transport pieces of the pathogen’s genetic code
toxoids
contain inactivated exotoxin (toxin is modified to no longer have toxicity but still retain antigenic epitopes)
polysaccharide vaccines
contain capsular polysaccharides
conjugate vaccines
polysaccharides (usually capsule) linked to proteins
in a conjugate vaccine, polysaccharides need to be
conjugated to a protein to enhance their antigenicity in young children
how are vaccines different from experiencing a natural infection
vaccines consist of weakened or killed pathogens or pathogen parts as opposed to the fully functional pathogen whereas a natural infection involves a fully live function pathogen
febrile seizures
convulsions in young children associated with high fever
anaphylaxis
allergic reactions to chemical other than the antigen which may be present in the preparations
