Vaccines-in-PHC-final-edit-Asem-Juhani

Question 1

What is immunity?

Answer 1

Immunity is the body’s ability to recognize and tolerate cells and material that is indigenous to it, and to recognize and eliminate foreign substances.

Question 2

How does the similarity of a vaccine to the disease-causing organism affect immune response?

Answer 2

The more similar a vaccine is to the disease-causing form of the organism, the better the immune response to the vaccine will be.

Question 3

What factors can affect the immune response to vaccines?

Answer 3

Factors include age, genetics, nutrition, maternal antibodies, other current illnesses, nature and dose of antigen, route of administration, and vaccine composition.

Question 4

When was the first vaccine developed and for what disease?

Answer 4

The first vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner for smallpox from cowpox lesions.

Question 5

What significant vaccine development occurred after the Spanish flu pandemic?

Answer 5

Influenza vaccine trials were conducted in 1918, and a vaccine was later developed in 1945.

Question 6

What milestone was achieved in 1980 regarding smallpox?

Answer 6

The eradication of smallpox was achieved after intense and coordinated world-wide efforts.

Question 7

What was the WHO’s Essential Programme on Immunization (EPI) launched for?

Answer 7

EPI was launched in 1974 targeting diseases like diphtheria, measles, tetanus, polio, TB, and whooping cough.

Question 8

What challenges did the US face with whooping cough vaccination?

Answer 8

After cases hit an all-time low in 1976, fears about rare side effects outweighed fears of the disease itself.

Question 9

What impact have EPI vaccines had on global health?

Answer 9

EPI vaccines are considered one of the most successful global health interventions and cost-effective ways to save lives.

Question 10

What was the situation of mumps before vaccines?

Answer 10

Mumps was a common cause of aseptic meningitis and hearing loss among children and hospitalization among military personnel.

Question 11

When was the mumps vaccine introduced?

Answer 11

The mumps vaccine was introduced in the 1960s.

Question 12

What is the status of Jordan’s EPI?

Answer 12

Jordan’s EPI, founded in 1979, is effective, resulting in high vaccination coverage against preventable diseases.

Question 13

What was the vaccination coverage for children aged 12-23 months in Jordan according to the 2023 survey?

Answer 13

92% of children aged 12-23 months were fully vaccinated by basic antigens.

Question 14

What percentage of children aged 12-23 months received the BCG vaccine in Jordan?

Answer 14

98% of children in that age group received the BCG vaccine.

Question 15

What disparities were noted in vaccination coverage in Jordan?

Answer 15

Higher rates were observed among children with Jordanian and Syrian mothers compared to those with mothers from other nationalities.

Question 16

What are some factors affecting vaccine delivery and vaccination programs?

Answer 16

Factors include misinformation, poverty, geographical location, education, and unexpected events like pandemics.

Question 17

What was the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vaccination programs?

Answer 17

Vaccination programs were hindered by lockdowns, fear of infection, and parental refusal for routine vaccinations.

Question 18

What was the outcome of a study on childhood vaccination in the 20th century USA?

Answer 18

Diphtheria, Measles, and Polio deaths dropped from thousands in 1900 to 0 in 2015.

Question 19

How many lives are estimated to be saved per year due to vaccines?

Answer 19

The original six vaccines, along with hepatitis B and Hib vaccines, are estimated to save between 2-3 million lives per year.

Question 20

What are the three main areas to consider when introducing a new vaccine?

Answer 20

The three areas are Vaccine, Disease, and Healthcare System.

Question 21

What does the WHO provide for the introduction of new vaccines?

Answer 21

The WHO provides a checklist of 14 main points covering policy, objectives, monitoring, logistics, and waste management.

Question 22

What is the source for the history of vaccination?

Answer 22

World Health Organization (WHO) provides a brief history of vaccination.

Link

Question 23

Where can information on mumps be found?

Answer 23

The CDC provides detailed information on mumps.

Link

Question 24

What study discusses mass psychogenic illness related to vaccination in Jordan?

Answer 24

Kharabsheh et al. published a study on mass psychogenic illness following tetanus-diphtheria toxoid vaccination in Jordan.

Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79: 764–770.

Question 25

What is the Global Vaccine Action Plan?

Answer 25

The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 outlines strategies for immunization.

Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, WHO; 2019.

Question 26

What document provides principles for adding a vaccine to a national immunization program?

Answer 26

WHO’s document outlines principles and considerations for vaccine addition.

April 2014.

Question 27

What does the study by Batayneh and Bdour focus on?

Answer 27

The study focuses on the immune status of adults and epidemiology for vaccination strategy in Jordan.

APMIS. 2002 Aug;110(7-8):528-34.

Question 28

What survey was conducted by the Department of Statistics in Jordan?

Answer 28

The Jordan Population and Family and Health Survey 2023 was conducted.

DoS and ICF, 2024.

Question 29

What does the study by MacDonald et al. recommend?

Answer 29

The study provides recommendations for the next decade of global vaccine action.

Vaccine. 2020 Jul 14;38(33).

Question 30

What is the focus of Hayajneh et al.’s study?

Answer 30

The study assesses the public health impact and cost-effectiveness of routine childhood vaccination for hepatitis A in Jordan.

BMC Infectious Diseases (2018) 18:119.

Question 31

Where can information on pneumococcal disease be found?

Answer 31

The CDC provides a chapter on pneumococcal disease.

Link

Question 32

What does Paternina-Caicedo et al.’s study address?

Answer 32

The study addresses the impact of childhood vaccination on deaths in the 20th century in the US.

Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud, Colombia.

Question 33

What is the focus of Akhtar et al.’s research?

Answer 33

The research discusses socioeconomic-related inequities in child immunization.

Health Econ Rev 14, 98 (2024).

Question 34

What do Gidengil et al. study?

Answer 34

They study parental perceptions related to co-administration of COVID-19 and routine vaccines.

Journal of Adolescent Health, Volume 72, Issue 5, pages 667-673 (May 2023).

Question 35

What is the focus of Baghdadi et al.’s study?

Answer 35

The study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on routine childhood immunization in Saudi Arabia.

Front. Pediatr. 9:692877.

Question 36

What do Essoh et al. explore?

Answer 36

They explore factors contributing to low vaccination uptake in Kenya.

BMC Public Health 23, 912 (2023).

Question 37

What does Jiang et al.’s scoping review cover?

Answer 37

The review discusses the coverage and challenges of increasing uptake of non-National Immunization Program vaccines in China.

Infect Dis Poverty 12, 114 (2023).

Question 38

What does Itiakorit et al. analyze?

Answer 38

They analyze the impact of COVID-19 on disparities in childhood immunization in low- and middle-income countries.

Curr Trop Med Rep 9, 225–233 (2022).