Vaccines-in-PHC-final-edit-Asem-Juhani Flashcards
What is immunity?
Immunity is the body’s ability to recognize and tolerate cells and material that is indigenous to it, and to recognize and eliminate foreign substances.
How does the similarity of a vaccine to the disease-causing organism affect immune response?
The more similar a vaccine is to the disease-causing form of the organism, the better the immune response to the vaccine will be.
What factors can affect the immune response to vaccines?
Factors include age, genetics, nutrition, maternal antibodies, other current illnesses, nature and dose of antigen, route of administration, and vaccine composition.
When was the first vaccine developed and for what disease?
The first vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner for smallpox from cowpox lesions.
What significant vaccine development occurred after the Spanish flu pandemic?
Influenza vaccine trials were conducted in 1918, and a vaccine was later developed in 1945.
What milestone was achieved in 1980 regarding smallpox?
The eradication of smallpox was achieved after intense and coordinated world-wide efforts.
What was the WHO’s Essential Programme on Immunization (EPI) launched for?
EPI was launched in 1974 targeting diseases like diphtheria, measles, tetanus, polio, TB, and whooping cough.
What challenges did the US face with whooping cough vaccination?
After cases hit an all-time low in 1976, fears about rare side effects outweighed fears of the disease itself.
What impact have EPI vaccines had on global health?
EPI vaccines are considered one of the most successful global health interventions and cost-effective ways to save lives.
What was the situation of mumps before vaccines?
Mumps was a common cause of aseptic meningitis and hearing loss among children and hospitalization among military personnel.
When was the mumps vaccine introduced?
The mumps vaccine was introduced in the 1960s.
What is the status of Jordan’s EPI?
Jordan’s EPI, founded in 1979, is effective, resulting in high vaccination coverage against preventable diseases.
What was the vaccination coverage for children aged 12-23 months in Jordan according to the 2023 survey?
92% of children aged 12-23 months were fully vaccinated by basic antigens.
What percentage of children aged 12-23 months received the BCG vaccine in Jordan?
98% of children in that age group received the BCG vaccine.
What disparities were noted in vaccination coverage in Jordan?
Higher rates were observed among children with Jordanian and Syrian mothers compared to those with mothers from other nationalities.
What are some factors affecting vaccine delivery and vaccination programs?
Factors include misinformation, poverty, geographical location, education, and unexpected events like pandemics.
What was the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vaccination programs?
Vaccination programs were hindered by lockdowns, fear of infection, and parental refusal for routine vaccinations.
What was the outcome of a study on childhood vaccination in the 20th century USA?
Diphtheria, Measles, and Polio deaths dropped from thousands in 1900 to 0 in 2015.
How many lives are estimated to be saved per year due to vaccines?
The original six vaccines, along with hepatitis B and Hib vaccines, are estimated to save between 2-3 million lives per year.
What are the three main areas to consider when introducing a new vaccine?
The three areas are Vaccine, Disease, and Healthcare System.
What does the WHO provide for the introduction of new vaccines?
The WHO provides a checklist of 14 main points covering policy, objectives, monitoring, logistics, and waste management.
What is the source for the history of vaccination?
World Health Organization (WHO) provides a brief history of vaccination.
Where can information on mumps be found?
The CDC provides detailed information on mumps.
What study discusses mass psychogenic illness related to vaccination in Jordan?
Kharabsheh et al. published a study on mass psychogenic illness following tetanus-diphtheria toxoid vaccination in Jordan.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79: 764–770.
