Vaccines & Grafts

Question 1

What are vaccinations?

Answer 1

intentional manipulation of an immune response to generate a specific memory acquired response that prevents and infection

Question 2

What are the general concepts of vaccination?

Answer 2

active, acquired immunity, delayed onset, prolonged, involving memory response, available for bacteria or viruses

Question 3

What is the main feature of effective vaccines?

Answer 3

stimulates both humoral and cell-mediated acquired immunity

Question 4

Vaccine Strategies

What is closely related strains?

Answer 4

cause mild disease

Question 5

Vaccine Strategies

What is inactivated/killed organism?

Answer 5

whole cell vaccine

Question 6

Vaccine Strategies

What is a toxoid?

Answer 6

chemically inactivated toxin

Question 7

Vaccine Strategies

What is subunit vaccine?

Answer 7

proteins from pathogens

Question 8

Vaccine Strategies

What is conjugate vaccine?

Answer 8

change carrier proteins or T-in/dependent antigens

Question 9

Vaccine Strategies

What is live attenuated organism vaccine?

Answer 9

reduced pathogenicity, most protective

Question 10

Vaccine Strategies

What is virus-like particles (VLP) vaccine?

Answer 10

more potent than subunit vaccines, safer than live attenuated vaccines

Question 11

Vaccine Strategies

What are recombinant DNA vaccines?

Answer 11

cloned pathogens inserted into virus or bacterial plasmid, additional live vaccines

Question 12

Vaccine Strategies

What vaccines is adjuvants used?

Answer 12

subunit, conjugate, and VLP vaccines

Question 13

Vaccine Strategies

What are therapeutic uses of vaccines?

Answer 13

live attenuated chicken pox to prevent shingles, PROvenge for prostate cancer

Question 14

What are the main problems with vaccines?
Effectiveness?
Adverse effects?

Answer 14

not 100% effective

side-effects, allergies, may cause disease (live attenuated vaccines)

Question 15

What is loss of herd immunity?

Answer 15

type of immunity that occurs when vaccination of most people protects those unvaccinated

Question 16

What type of response is graft rejection?

Answer 16

allogeneic immune response

Question 17

What do donor graft cells express?

Answer 17

alloantigens, or, allogeneic antigens

Question 18

What are the main alloantigens?

Answer 18

MHC molecules (HLA)

Question 19

What is the process of hyperacute rejection?

Answer 19

within hours, recipient has pre-existing antibodies for alloantigens from donor -> inflammation -> occludes blood vessels

Question 20

How can hyperacute rejection be prevented?

Answer 20

match blood groups and MHC

Question 21

What is the process of acute rejection?

Answer 21

within days or weeks, cell-mediated response to allogeneic MHC molecules

Question 22

What is the process of chronic rejection?

Answer 22

within months or years, anti-donor MHC antibodies -> inflammation and increased T cells -> graft vascular disease, fibrosis, and scarring

Question 23

What is the scale of therapy response for graft rejection?

Answer 23

hyperacute: NOT responsive
acute: responsive
chronic: less responsive

Question 24

What is the process of bone marrow transplantation?

Answer 24

immune system destroyed -> transfer donor bone marrow cells -> donor cell engraft (colonize) marrow

Question 25

What is graft vs. host disease (GVHD)?

Answer 25

when mature donor T cells in transferred bone marrow cells recognize allogenic recipient MHC as non-self and respond to allogenic MHC

Question 26

Should you remove all donor T cells from donor bone marrow?

Answer 26

NO - recipient needs some to prevent infections