Oral Immunity & Host Defenses Flashcards

1
Q

What does an accumulation of dental plaque induce?

A

inflammatory response in gums -> inflammation in pulp may lead to abscess & root canal
*dental diseases result from imbalance between oral commensal bacteria and immune responses

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2
Q

What is the general concept of host defenses?

A

in oral cavity it consists of both mucosal and systemic immune systems

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3
Q

What are the physical barriers in oral cavity?

A

epithelial cells with tight junctions, basement membrane below

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4
Q

What is in saliva to help protect against microbes?

A

mucins, a & B defensins, protease inhibitors, lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidases

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5
Q

What is the enamel pellicle?

A

protects teeth from demineralization & friction, however contributes to plaque formation, made of mucins, secretory IgA and other proteins

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6
Q

In MALT, what does secretory IgA in saliva do?

A

neutralize toxins & pathogens, binds pathogen and transported through lamina propria by M cells to induce an immune response

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7
Q

In MALT, what is homing?

A

activated lymphocytes enter circulatory system -> enter infected mucosa

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8
Q

What is the Systemic Immune System of Oral Immunity composed of?

A

leukocytes in pulp and gingival crevice, lymph

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9
Q

How is the inflammatory response induced when caries approach pulp?

A

neutrophils enter pulp from blood -> B cells migrate into pulp -> inflammation helps prevent damage to pulp -> abscess or lesion forms

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10
Q

What is the importance of the gingival crevice?

A

it is the major site where leukocytes enter saliva (in gingival crevicular fluid)

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11
Q

How does gingival crevicular fluid function in response to plaque?

A

after leukocytes from MALT, is part of systemic system so it mixes with the mucosal system (saliva), increases flow and changes composition, increase leukocytes within gingival sulcus (especially neutrophils)

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12
Q

How can pathogens be classified?

A

where infection occurs

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13
Q

Recovery and resistance requires what type of immunity?

A

acquired, although responses may differ

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14
Q

Can a wrong immune response be lethal?

A

yes, especially T cell response

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15
Q

Where are extracellular pathogens found?

A

within body fluids or attached to epithelial cells

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16
Q

Where are intracellular pathogens found?

A

cytoplasm or vesicles

17
Q

What are the four types of pathogens?

A

bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite

18
Q

What are the defenses against bacteria?

A

neutralizing antibodies prevent attachment, opsonization of pathogen, classical complement pathway, neutralizing antibodies against bacterial toxins, activation of macrophages by Th1 CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T Cells kill infected cells

19
Q

What type of pathogens are viruses?

A

extracellular before infecting, then intracellular

20
Q

How are virus infections categorized?

A

acute infection, latent with reactivation, chronic

21
Q

What is the defense against acute virus infection?

A

viruses eliminated, cell mediated immunity is important for recovery, antibody stops virus from spreading and may render host resistant to reinfection

22
Q

What is the defense against latent virus infections with reactivation?

A

virus persists in latency, cell mediated immunity clears infected cells, as well as antibodies prevent spreading when reactivation does occur

23
Q

What is the defense against chronic virus infections?

A

virus not eliminated nor latency, disease may be limited by immune response

24
Q

What are the categories of fungal infections?

A

cutaneous, systemic

25
Q

What is the defense against fungi (mycoses) both cutaneous and systemic?

A

cutaneous: neutrophils & macrophages control infection
systemic: antibodies & cell-mediated responses are important

26
Q

What is characteristic of parasitic infections?

A

usually chronic, protozoa may be extra or intracellular, have complex life cycles

27
Q

What is the defense against protozoa parasites?

A

antibody defenses are most effective against extracellular, cell-mediated for intracellular

28
Q

What is important to kill parasitic flatworms and nematodes?

A

eosinophils

29
Q

What are prions and how are they defended?

A

protein misfolds cause brain disease, little or no immune response because converted prions are self proteins