Vaccines Flashcards
HIV vaccine?
No suitable vaccine is currently available
Hepatitis B vaccine?
Recombinant subunit vaccine
Tetanus vaccine?
Inactivated toxin (toxoid) vaccine
Tuberculosis vaccine?
Live attenuated bacteria (mycobacterium bovis)
MMR vaccine?
Live attenuated viruses
Passive immunity involves?
Administration of pre-formed antibody in preparations called immune globulins. Used for treatment or prevention.
Advantages of passive immunity?
Immediately active
Effective for post‐exposure prophylaxis
No need for fully functional immune system (e.g. use in immunocompromised hosts, young, elderly)
Disadvantages of passive immunity?
No memory, short lived
Bacterial passive vaccines
Tetanus antitoxin
Diphtheria antitoxin
Bezlotoxumab monoclonal antibody given against endotoxin B of Clostridium Difficile
Virus passive vaccines
Rabies
Hepatitis B
Active immunization involves?
Administration of antigenic material ( = the vaccine) with the goal of stimulating the vaccinee’s immune system to mount an adaptive immune response to a specific pathogen.
How are vaccines given?
Injected
Some live vaccines given orally
What type of vaccines can be given orally?
Live attenuated
Oral vaccines?
Polio, rotavirus
Influenza vaccines?
Live attenuated, killed whole organism, subunit
Hepatitis A vaccine?
Killed whole organism, subunit
HPV vaccine?
Virus like particle
What disease is treated with a virus like particle vaccine?
HPV
Live attenuated advantages
Provides prolonged immunity (years to life), often with single dose
Vaccine often provides cell‐meditated immunity
Greater and longer lasting response
Live attenuated disadvantages
Can revert to virulent form (vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis)
Live vaccine can be excreted by individual - can infect other.
Cannot administer to immunocompromised, pregnant individuals
Smallpox vaccine?
Live attenuated
Killed whole microorganism advantages
No possibility of a vaccine‐associated infection
Killed whole microorganism disadvantages
Multiple doses of vaccine required with subsequent booster doses
Provides little cell‐mediated immunity
Less protective and shorter duration because cannot replicate
Cholera vaccine?
Killed whole microorganism
Conjugating means?
Vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen.
Advantages of conjugating vaccines
Higher Ab titres than unconjugated polysaccharide
Especially in children < 2 yrs old
Reverse antigen escape
What is a vectored vaccine?
Vaccine that uses a chemically weakened virus to transport pieces of the pathogen in order to stimulate an immune response.
What is an adjuvant?
Agent that improves the immune response of a vaccine.
Can act as a depot for the antigen, presenting the antigen over a longer period of time, thus maximizing the immune response before the body clears the antigen.
What is a recombinant vaccine?
Gene encoding a viral protein is inserted into yeast or bacteria to produce proteins of the pathogen of interest, which are then purified and used as the active ingredient in a vaccine.
Recombinant vaccine example?
HPV
What is BCG effective for?
Very efficient against tuberculous meningitis in children, but not so efficient against pulmonary tuberculosis.
Not effective in adults.
Main influenza vaccine
Inactivated dead
