Vaccines

Question 1

HIV vaccine?

Answer 1

No suitable vaccine is currently available

Question 2

Hepatitis B vaccine?

Answer 2

Recombinant subunit vaccine

Question 3

Tetanus vaccine?

Answer 3

Inactivated toxin (toxoid) vaccine

Question 4

Tuberculosis vaccine?

Answer 4

Live attenuated bacteria (mycobacterium bovis)

Question 5

MMR vaccine?

Answer 5

Live attenuated viruses

Question 6

Passive immunity involves?

Answer 6

Administration of pre-formed antibody in preparations called immune globulins. Used for treatment or prevention.

Question 7

Advantages of passive immunity?

Answer 7

Immediately active

Effective for post‐exposure prophylaxis

No need for fully functional immune system (e.g. use in immunocompromised hosts, young, elderly)

Question 8

Disadvantages of passive immunity?

Answer 8

No memory, short lived

Question 9

Bacterial passive vaccines

Answer 9

Tetanus antitoxin

Diphtheria antitoxin

Bezlotoxumab monoclonal antibody given against endotoxin B of Clostridium Difficile

Question 10

Virus passive vaccines

Answer 10

Rabies

Hepatitis B

Question 11

Active immunization involves?

Answer 11

Administration of antigenic material ( = the vaccine) with the goal of stimulating the vaccinee’s immune system to mount an adaptive immune response to a specific pathogen.

Question 12

How are vaccines given?

Answer 12

Injected

Some live vaccines given orally

Question 13

What type of vaccines can be given orally?

Answer 13

Live attenuated

Question 14

Oral vaccines?

Answer 14

Polio, rotavirus

Question 15

Influenza vaccines?

Answer 15

Live attenuated, killed whole organism, subunit

Question 16

Hepatitis A vaccine?

Answer 16

Killed whole organism, subunit

Question 17

HPV vaccine?

Answer 17

Virus like particle

Question 18

What disease is treated with a virus like particle vaccine?

Answer 18

HPV

Question 19

Live attenuated advantages

Answer 19

Provides prolonged immunity (years to life), often with single dose

Vaccine often provides cell‐meditated immunity

Greater and longer lasting response

Question 20

Live attenuated disadvantages

Answer 20

Can revert to virulent form (vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis)

Live vaccine can be excreted by individual - can infect other.

Cannot administer to immunocompromised, pregnant individuals

Question 21

Smallpox vaccine?

Answer 21

Live attenuated

Question 22

Killed whole microorganism advantages

Answer 22

No possibility of a vaccine‐associated infection

Question 23

Killed whole microorganism disadvantages

Answer 23

Multiple doses of vaccine required with subsequent booster doses

Provides little cell‐mediated immunity

Less protective and shorter duration because cannot replicate

Question 24

Cholera vaccine?

Answer 24

Killed whole microorganism

Question 25

Conjugating means?

Answer 25

Vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen.

Question 26

Advantages of conjugating vaccines

Answer 26

Higher Ab titres than unconjugated polysaccharide

Especially in children < 2 yrs old

Reverse antigen escape

Question 27

What is a vectored vaccine?

Answer 27

Vaccine that uses a chemically weakened virus to transport pieces of the pathogen in order to stimulate an immune response.

Question 28

What is an adjuvant?

Answer 28

Agent that improves the immune response of a vaccine.

Can act as a depot for the antigen, presenting the antigen over a longer period of time, thus maximizing the immune response before the body clears the antigen.

Question 29

What is a recombinant vaccine?

Answer 29

Gene encoding a viral protein is inserted into yeast or bacteria to produce proteins of the pathogen of interest, which are then purified and used as the active ingredient in a vaccine.

Question 30

Recombinant vaccine example?

Answer 30

HPV

Question 31

What is BCG effective for?

Answer 31

Very efficient against tuberculous meningitis in children, but not so efficient against pulmonary tuberculosis.

Not effective in adults.

Question 32

Main influenza vaccine

Answer 32

Inactivated dead