Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What is Variolation and where was this process practiced

A

scarification of unimmunized individuals with a tiny amount of material from diseased patients with smallpox

practiced in China and the Middle East

2-3 % were not protected and died

variola is latin for pox

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2
Q

What was practiced in China and the Middle East that used scarification and a tiny amount of material from a diseased person

A

variolation

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3
Q

How was the first vaccination made

A

a pustule from an infected individual (milkmaid) with cowpox was scratched against the skin

this conferred some cross protection to subsequent exposure to small pox

1% were not protected fully and lesions that did develop were not as severe

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4
Q

What bacterial vaccines are out there

A

Diphtheria

Pertussis

Tetanus

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5
Q

What viral vaccines are out there

A

smallpox

poliomyelitits

measles

mumps

rubella

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6
Q

What are seven key aspects that makes an ideal vaccine

A

must be safe with minimal adverse side effects

must be efficacious: elicit a strong and long lasting response

delivered in combination with other vaccine components, so have to get fewer shots

must be heat stable, dry stable and have a long shelf life

low cost and easy to manufacture and administer

minimal maintenance programs, so fewer boosters

if its against a mucosal pathogen, it must be administer orally or intranasally to elicit a mucosal immune response

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7
Q

What five aspects make a good ANTIGEN

A

where the pathogen occurs: mucosal sites, systemic, etc

what the major virulence factors are: toxins, capsules, adhesins(non yet but in process)

how many antigenic variation exists, number of serotypes

if the antigen mimics host antigens: potential for non-response or autoimmunity

if the pathogen is extracellular or intracellular: humored vs cell mediated immunity

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8
Q

What is herd immunity

A

collective immunity through mass immunization confers indirect protection on the nonimmune members

important force in preventing epidemics

not only confers protection to the individual receiving the vaccine, but it also protects public health

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9
Q

Who cannot be vaccinated and how can they be protected

A

if they have a major allergy to the vaccine components

immunocompromised

age

transplant recipients

everyone else that can must be vaccinated to get herd immunity for the people unable to be vaccinated

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10
Q

What are five main barriers to vaccine success

A
  1. there are a lot of childhood vaccines and the child must come in often, doesn’t always happen so the solution is to try and combine vaccinations into one shot
  2. similar threshold to safety criteria as seen for antibiotics, elevated concern that most vaccines are targeted to children: thereat of lawsuits that has disengaged some companies from investing in vaccine development
  3. vaccine successes are their own downfall: elimination of diseases makes people forget the impact that vaccines have
  4. technical barriers: some pathogens have outsmarted us
  5. anti-vaxers refusing to vaccinate, this has been going on for centuries and has been seen historically
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11
Q

What are the different types of vaccines

A

live attenuated

inactivated

subunit vaccines
toxin vaccines

conjugate vaccines

recombinant vector vaccines

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12
Q

What is in the DPT vaccine

A

Diphtheria: toxoid

Tetanus: toxoid

Pertussis: whole killed cells

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13
Q

What is the side effects of pertussis vaccination

A

moderate side effects in 20% of cases

included discomfort and convulsions

very rarely: can lead to hearing loss or brain damage

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14
Q

What is in the DTaP Vaccine

A

in 1990s

Diphtheria: toxoid

Tetanus: toxoid

Pertussis: acellular proteins

pertussis toxoid
outermsmbrane proteins: pertactin and FHA
fimbriae proteins types 2 and 3

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15
Q

What is a conjugate vaccine and what is an example

A

polysaccharides

HiB vaccine
Pneumococcal
Meningococcal

example would be a polysaccharide connected to a protein - the B cell recognizes the polyprotein molecule but not the protein part – so it shows the T cell the protein part — then memory B cells are produced that recognize the polysaccharide – so then the B cells respond to the polysaccharide antigen on bacterial surface

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16
Q

What is characteristic of the Haemophilus influenzae bacteria

A

gram -

rod shaped

non motile

20,000 cases a year in the early 1980s, mostly in children under 5 years old.
Epiglottitis, pneumonia,meningitis.
PRP Capsule prevents C3b from binding/phagocytosis.
Vaccine: conjugated vaccine consisting of a
polysaccharide bound to a protein (carrier protein)

17
Q

What is characteristic of the Haemophilus influenzae disease

A

20,000 cases a year in the early 1980s mostly in children under 5 years old

epiglottitis, pneumonia, meningitis

PRP capsule prevents C3b from binding/phagocytosisi

vaccine: conjugated vaccine consisting of a polysaccharide bound to a protein- a carrier protein

18
Q

What type of vaccine is available for Haemophilus influenzae

A

vaccine: conjugated vaccine consisting of a polysaccharide bound to a protein- a carrier protein

prevalence of HiB decreased from 23 per 100,000 cases in 1991 to .9 cases per 100,000 in 1996

19
Q

What are the types of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines

A

Prevnar 7: covers 7 serotypes- 80% of disease - 2000

Synflorix: covers 10 serotypes- 2009

prevnar 13: covers 13 common serotypes - 2010

20
Q

Why do vaccines not work

A

elicit the wrong immune response

side effects, such as an allergic response to vaccine components or intestinal blockage such as in rotavirus

worsens disease

21
Q

Why do vaccines not work against TB

A

elicits the wrong immune response

22
Q

Why do vaccines not work against Salmonella

A

elicits the wrong immune response

23
Q

Why do vaccines not work against Cholera

A

elicits the wrong immune response

24
Q

Why do vaccines not work against Rotavirus

A

side effects, causes intestinal blockage

25
Q

Why do vaccines not work against Chlamydia

A

worsens the disease

26
Q

Why do vaccines not work against RSV

A

worsens the disease