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Bacterial Diseases > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of antimicrobial therapy

A

to destroy pathogenic microorganisms (cidcl) or inhibit their growth sufficiently (static) to allow the host immune response to fight off the infection

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2
Q

The cure should not be worse than the ____

A

disease

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3
Q

What is the good therapeutic index

A

effective conc/ toxic concentration

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4
Q

What are antimicrobials

A

any substance or drug that can kill or inhibit the growth of microbes

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5
Q

What are the three main types of antimicrobials

A

disinfectants

antiseptics

antibiotics

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6
Q

What are disinfectants and what are examples

A

used to sterilize formites

formaldehyde, phenol, bleach

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7
Q

What are antiseptics and what are examples

A

applied to skin/mouthwash

iodine, rubbing alcohol, 3% H2O2, triclosan

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8
Q

What are antibiotics and what are examples

A

used on the outside/inside of the body

penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin

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9
Q

What does bactericidal mean

A

kills bacteria

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10
Q

What does bacteriostatic mean

A

inhibits bacteria growth, must synergize with the intact immune system

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11
Q

What is the efficacy of antibiotics dependent on

A

dependent on the metabolic state of the bacteria

cell wall active antibiotics are only effective against actively dividing cells

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12
Q

What is MIC

A

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration

lowest concentration to inhibit growth

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13
Q

What is MCB

A

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration

lowest concentration to kill all the bacteria

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14
Q

What is the lowest concentration to kill all the bacteria called

A

Minimal Bactericidal concentration MBC

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15
Q

What is the lowest concentration to inhibit growth

A

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration MIC

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16
Q

What is MBEC

A

the MBEC value is the lowest dilution that prevents regrowth of bacteria from the treated biofilm

based on 96-well ELISA platform

allows the simultaneous determination of MBEC values of eight different antibiotics

assay involves the formation of 96 identical biofilms on plastic pegs on the lid of the MBEC device

biofilms are then exposed to test antibiotics for a defined time period then place in fresh bacteriologic medium in a second 96-well plate and incubated overnight

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17
Q

What are the four things that make a good antibiotic

A
  1. good therapeutic index: they must target the cellular machinery of the pathogen, but not the host. must have low side effects
  2. broad spectrum of activity: this is helpful when you need to treat a patient and don’t have time to confirm causative agent, think of sepsis onset
  3. generally target a single molecule
  4. good pharmacokinetics or bioavailability
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18
Q

What does it mean if an antibiotic has a good therapeutic index

A

it means the antibiotic targets the cellular machinery of the pathogen but not the host

you want it to have low side effects

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19
Q

What does it mean if an antibiotic has broad spectrum of activity

A

it means the antibiotic is used to treat a patient and the doctor doesn’t have time to determine the exact causative agent

means the antibiotic can treat various different types of bacteria

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20
Q

What are benefits of broad spectrum therapy

A

can treat various different types of bacteria

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21
Q

What are problems of broad spectrum therapy

A

…

22
Q

What are the six mechanisms of antibiotic action

A
  1. Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
  2. Cell Membrane Disruptors
  3. Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
  4. DNA Synthesis Inhibitors
  5. RNA Synthesis Inhibitors
  6. Unique Metabolic Pathways
23
Q

What do beta-lactam antibiotics do

A

inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links by targeting transpeptidases

24
Q

What are common members of beta-lactam antibiotics

A

more than half of all antimicrobial drugs are beta-lactams

most common members are penicillins and cephalosporins

25
Q

How does penicillin work

A

targets cell wall synthesis

it has a beta-lactam ring

the ring inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links by targeting transpeptidases

26
Q

What does Vanomycin target and how does it work

A

targets cell wall synthesis

binds to end of stem peptides (D-ala-D-ala) and prevents crosslink formation by targeting transpeptidase substrate

same as penicillin, but a different activity

27
Q

What does Cycloserine target and how does it work

A

targets cell wall synthesis

blocks formation of peptide for crosslink

28
Q

What does Bacitracin target and how does it work

A

targets cell wall synthesis

blocks movement across the membrane

the disaccharide subunits don’t reach the periplasm

the lipid carrier bactoprenol can’t be recelcyed

component of neosporin ointment which is topical only

29
Q

What type of antibiotic is neosporin

A

its a type of bacitracin

30
Q

What are the role of translation inhibitors antibiotics

A

antibiotics that target the bacterial ribosome

generally they target the ribosomal RNA scaffold

31
Q

What do Chloramphenicol target and how does it work

A

targets the 23S rRNA scaffolds of the 50S subunit

inhibits translation

32
Q

What do Macrolides target and how does it work

A

targets the 23S rRNA scaffolds of the 50S subunit

inhibits translation

33
Q

What do Lincosamides target and how does it work

A

targets the 23S rRNA scaffolds of the 50S subunit

inhibits translation

34
Q

What do Streptogramins target and how does it work

A

targets the 23S rRNA scaffolds of the 50S subunit

inhibits translation

35
Q

What do Everninomycins target and how does it work

A

targets the 23S rRNA scaffolds of the 50S subunit

inhibits translation

36
Q

What do Oxazolidinones target and how does it work

A

targets the 23S rRNA scaffolds of the 50S subunit

inhibits translation

37
Q

What do Aminoglycosides target and how does it work

A

targets the 16S rRNA scaffolds of the 30S subunit

inhibits translation

38
Q

What do Tetracyclines target and how does it work

A

targets the 16S rRNA scaffolds of the 30S subunit

inhibits translation

39
Q

What are the antibiotics that are translation inhibitors and specifically target the 23S rRNA scaffolds the 50S subunit (6)

A 
Chloramphenicol 
Macrolides 
Lincosamides 
Streptogramins 
Everninomycins 
Oxazolidinones
40
Q

What are the antibiotics that are translation inhibitors and specifically target the 16S rRNA scaffolds the 30S subunit (2)

A

Aminoglycosides

Tetracyclines

41
Q

What antibiotics interfere with DNA/RNA synthesis (5)

A

Metronidazole
Ciprofloxacin
Novobiocin
Rifampin

sulfa drugs are given in combination therapy

42
Q

What does Metronidazole target and how does it work

A

targets and damages DNA by causing strand nicks/breaks

interferes with DNA/RNA synthesis

43
Q

What does Ciprofloxacin target and how does it work

A

targets the DNA gyrase

interferes with DNA/RNA synthesis

44
Q

What does Novobiocin target and how does it work

A

targets the DNA gyrase

interferes with DNA/RNA synthesis

45
Q

What does Rifampin target and how does it work

A

targets the RNA polymerase

interferes with DNA/RNA synthesis

46
Q

What are sulfa drug and how do they work

A

sulfa drugs are given as combination therapy

prevent the formation of nucleic acids by inhibiting the synthesis of folic acid

folic acid is an important precursor in purine biosynthesis

47
Q

What does Linezolid (Zyvox) target and how does it work

A

targets the 50S subunit

resistance appeared soon after introduction

48
Q

What does Daptomycin target and how does it work

A

Acyl tail targets the membrane

disrupts the membrane

VRE/MRSA resistance

49
Q

What are new ideas for treating bacterial infections

A
  1. phage therapy holds promise
  2. do we need to kill the bacteria or can be tame them by anti-infective strategies or by disarming virulence factors
  3. can we outcompete them with probiotics and prebiotics and by fecal transplants curing patients with C. difficile
  4. can we target the resistance mechanism
    like beta-lactamases with Clavulanic acid (augmentin)
50
Q

What does Mupirocin target and how does it work

A

targets tRNA

inhibits protein synthesis of tRNA

51
Q

What does Puromycin target and how does it work

A

targets tRNA

inhibits protein synthesis of tRNA

52
Q

What are the antibiotics that target protein synthesis by specifically targeting tRNA (2)

A

Mupirocin

Puromycin

Bacterial Diseases (8 decks)

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