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Cellular Week 2 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Herd immunity is important for diseases that spread via contagion. Keeps infectious diseases from spreading!

A

…

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2
Q

Herd immunity does not apply to protection from what diseases?

A

Diseases that are not contagious (ex. tetanus).

There, it is important that the vaccination is highly effective and that as many people as possible are vaccinated to be protected.

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3
Q

Cocooning immunizations

A

Recommendations that all individuals with regular close contact with newborn infants be vaccinated against pertusssis (fam members, grandparents, caregivers, etc)

we can still be a carrier for pertussis even though we may not be susceptible as adults

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4
Q

Active immunization has memory!

Passive immunization does NOT have memory!

A

…

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5
Q

Examples of passive immunization?

A 
antitoxins for venoms, toxins
maternal immunity (IgA - breastfeeding, IgG - crossing placental barrier)
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6
Q

Passive immunity is immediate but only temporary protection.

Other names for it?

A

serum therapy
antiserum
antitoxin (anti-snake venmoms, botulism, tetanus)
immune globin

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7
Q

homologous …?
heterologous…?

for immune globin

A

homologous = human

heterlogous = horse (serum sickness, a Type III hypersensitivity rxn)

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8
Q

Give Hep B Immune globulin to children within 12 hours of birth at a separate site where you administer the Hep B vacc!!

For children born to HepB pos mothers.

A

..

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9
Q

Toxoid?

A

inactivated vaccine - inactivated toxins

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10
Q

live attenuated vaccine?

A

live vaccine that replicates but does not cause overt disease in vaccinated individuals

an immune response is made against the live vaccine eventually to eliminate the infection and generate memory

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS OR PREGNANT WOMEN!

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11
Q

An inactivated/toxoid behaves like what?

what kind of response?

A

dead protein antigen! - extracellular MHC Class II

Causes an HUMORAL response only! (has an antibody response)

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12
Q

Example of inactivated toxoid vaccine?

A

DTaP
Tetanus is a toxoid that is given as part of a combination vaccine - boosters every 10 years - 3 doses at start

Has adjuvant (alum) in it

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13
Q

3 doses allows generation of high titers of Abs. Also memory cells and long lived plasma cells created.

affinity increases with each shot (first igM then IgG)

A

…

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14
Q

Recombinant vaccines

A

express a single antigen from a bacteria/virus/etc rather than the whole organism/virus itself

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15
Q

RIV4 Influenza vaccine

A

recombinant vaccine quadrivalent

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16
Q

IIV3/IIV4

A

inactivated influenza vaccine tri/quadravalent

use mainly for the elderly - need a stronger vaccine so give higher doses

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17
Q

ccIIV4

A

cell culture influenza vaccine

free of eggs!

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18
Q

LAIV4

A

live attenuated influenza vaccine

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19
Q

aIIV4

A

adjuvant influenza

more for elderly who need stronger immunization

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20
Q

The inactivated killed influenza vaccine is created in eggs! IIV3/IIV4

A

…

21
Q

Influenza vaccine is the IM route… Fluad has adjuvants and inactivated influenza. It leads to inflammation with chemokine secretion and recruitment of relevant cells. DC takes up the Ag and brings it to lymph nodes for presentation to T cells.

A

…

22
Q

Example of killed vaccine now that didn’t used to be killed? (besides the influenza vaccine)

A

Polio!

rare side effects with live so we changed it

killed vaccines are just with antibodies for protection!

23
Q

HepB is what type of vaccine?

A

Recombinant subunit!

Only make humoral/ab responses

24
Q

Examples of recombinant vaccines?

A

HepB
RIV4 Influenza vaccine

Only make humoral/ab responses

25
Q

T-independent antigens

what do they do?
what do they have repeating?
example vaccine?

A

certain antigens containing repeating epitopes that can CROSS-LINK IG RECEPTORS ON B CELLS.

Ex. repeating polysacch epitopes found on the capsules of bacteria (pneumococal vaccine)

26
Q

T-independent antigens have no protein! but they are still immunogenic (why can cross link IgG)

A

…

27
Q

simple antigens are low in immunogenicity. Bacterial capsular Ags are examples of T-independent Ags.

A

…

28
Q

B cells become activated with their receptors are cross-linked by antigens! Why they will have some IgM

A

..

29
Q

T independent (TI) antigens do not do what three things?

A
  • do not induce immunological memory
  • do not induce significant H-chain class switching
  • do not produce affinity maturation

(lack T cells - T cells are required for H chain and SHM)

30
Q

Primary response for TI is just IgM - secondary/subsequent responses are the same height and also just IgM. Not a big peak

A

…

31
Q

How did isohemagglutinins originate?

A

T-independent Ag - simple antigen with repeating epitopes

32
Q

Example of T independent vaccine?

A 
Pneumoccocal polysaccharide (PPSV23)
Not given to infants but for elderly people (over 65yrs) - makes IgM

also meningococcus

33
Q

Can have TI response in athymic individuals. Cannot have responses in infants!!!

However, TD can have responses in infants.

A

..

34
Q

Pre-vaccination, meningitis is higher in children in 6 mos of age from encapsulated bacteria when maternal Ab wanes.

A

….

35
Q

Conjugate vaccines

A

conjugate a T-independent Ag to a carrier (T dependent)

36
Q

what is used as the carrier in conjugate vaccines?

A

toxoid

37
Q

A specific B cell will take up antigen (receptor-mediated endocytosis), process it (exogenous antigen pathway) and present it to a T helper cell. The CD40L is induced on the T cell after activation. The CD40L is the costimulator used to activate the B cell. Cytokines produced by the activated T cell are also necessary to activate the B cell.

Also note that the polysaccharide-toxin complex is essentially the same as the hapten-carrier complex which is used to generate antibodies against the hapten. The carrier has the peptide epitopes required to activate T cells that can provide help to the B cells specific against the hapten.

A

….

38
Q

What is the goal of the conjugate vaccine?

A

generate high titers of ab that will protect an individual!
True for the polysaccharide vaccine too.

A memory response to the actual infectious agent upon exposure is not the purpose of these vaccines (although it is created). Mainly want to get through hypogammaglobuenimia in infants)

39
Q

Examples of conjugate vaccines? (3)

A

HIB - Hinfluenza from graph
PCV13 - pneumococcal NOT ppsv
Meningococcal

40
Q

Live vaccines mean they can replicate.

attenuated means that they shouldn’t cause disease and are no long virulent.

A

…

41
Q

Examples of live attenuated vaccines?

A

Rotavirus
MMR
Varicella
Some influenzas

42
Q

Examples of killed viruses

A

Polio

43
Q

Inactivated (killed) and attenuated polio does MHC Class II - just humoral.
Attenuated polio vaccine (live) - Class I MHC - have cell mediated immunity and humoural.

The humoral response works first anyways though.

A

…

44
Q

OPV vaccine for polio - SABIN
what state?
where in body is Ig? what type?
SE?

A

live, attenuated, oral
mucousal IgA and IgG immunity (bc swallowing)
contact immunity
reversion to neurovirulence produces VAPP (bad)

45
Q

IPV - SALK - sulking bc gotta be killed
what state?
where in body is Ig? what type?
SE?

A

killed (formalin inactivated)
injectible (serum bc just in muscle)
systemic (serum immmunity) - no mucousal
noVAPP!!!

46
Q

Inactivated polio vaccine IPV does not induce IgA antibodies in the mucous areas. Just creates serum IgA.

Live always better bc then you have mucous IgA in gut where polio is!!

A

…

47
Q

serum IgA is what?

A

monomeric

48
Q

mucousal IgA is what?

A

dimeric

49
Q

Contraindications for live vaccines (ex. varicella)

A

allergies
immunodeficiency
pregnancy

Cellular Week 2 (9 decks)

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