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Cellular Week 2 > Ultrasound > Flashcards

Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

Ultrasound is a cross-sectional modality!

A

…

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2
Q

Ultrasound waves penetrate body tissues. Sometimes they are reflected back to the transducer (which produces echo signals) and some continue to penetrate deeper.

A

Basically, it exploits differences in tissue density/how sharply the waves bounce/absorb.

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3
Q

Whenever a pulse encounters an interface between tissues that have a difference in __________, there is a reflection/backscatter.

The greater the mismatch, the greater the reflection or backscatter, leading to a ___image.

A

acoustic impedance

brighter

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4
Q

Absorbed = black, reflection = image/white

A

…

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5
Q

Duplex Doppler.. What is on X axis? Y axis?

A

Time is on the X axis
Vertical axis = velocity!

The doppler waveform represents the doppler frequency shift along the vertical axis (velocity) and time alone the x axis.

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6
Q

What does the duplex doppler show you?

A

Wave forms and flow in a structure… direction of flow and the VELOCITY of the flow.

for example, velocity of arterial structure.

Doppler ultrasound: This records sound waves reflecting off moving objects, such as blood, to measure their speed and other aspects of how they flow

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7
Q

Doppler Color… Red means?

A

Moving toward the transducer (getting warmer)

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8
Q

Doppler Color…Blue means?

A

Moving away from the transducer (Getting colder)

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9
Q

Pros of Ultrasound?

A
  • No ionizing radiation (used in ob and peds)
  • Less costly compared to CT/MRI
  • Portable/point of care
  • Doppler can assess vascular patency (The degree to which BLOOD VESSELS are not blocked or obstructed.) , flow velocities, and flow direction
  • availiability
  • real-time imaging for US-guided procedures
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10
Q

Cons of ultrasound? (3)

A
  • user dependent
  • limited spatial resolution
  • great for soft tissue but highly susceptible to GAS AND BODY HABITUS (build)! cannot accurately image bone/calcium!

(susceptible to artifacts! - sometimes these can be beneficial though)

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11
Q

Two risks of ultrasound?

A
  • Cavitation (causing bubbles in a liquid)
  • Heating
  • *Power dopple may deposit enough energy into the developing fetus to cause injury or pregnancy loss!! (especially on the fetal heart)
  • *High -frequency ultrasound can cause tissue damage!
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12
Q

High-freq ultrasound can cause tissue damage… pros of this?

A

Being explored for loco regional tx for cancer and others!

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13
Q

When do you not use ultrasound on fetus?

A

first trimester!!!

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14
Q

Curved Array transducer… good for? (3)

A

resoltuion
large superficial
deep field of view

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15
Q

phased array transducer… good for? (3)

looks like a circle

A 
access limited (between ribs)
deep field of view
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16
Q

linear array transducer… good for? (2)

A

excellent resolution

large superficial view

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17
Q

what transducer would you use on thyroid?

A

linear! (because a surface structure!)

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18
Q

transducers = probes! the shape of them describes the array of crystals within them

A

..

19
Q

A higher frequency (15mZ) provides what? but not what?

A

provides superior field resolution

poor penetration! (not good to go fast)

20
Q

Lower frequency (5mZ) provides what two things?

A

Good penetration and deep field resolution (sexual)

21
Q

Ultrasound can give you nontraditional multiplane imaging!!

coronal is hard to get

A

…

22
Q

sagittal - midline
coronal - frontal
transverse/axial - divide into up and lower halves

A

…

23
Q

In ultrasound, describe “echoes” and the things that happen to them….

1) Anachoic/hyper/hyp/isoechoic
2) shadowing
3) enchancement
4) reverberation

A

…

24
Q

Anachoic =

hyperechoic =

A 
anaechoic = BLACK. (usually describing fluid)
hyperchoic = WHITE! (tendons, ligaments, nerves)
25
Q

Shadowing in ultrasound (things get in the way/ tells us what things are made out of)

A

…

26
Q

_______ occurs when the energy of the transmitted sound is decreased by reflection and/or absorption.

A

Shadowing

27
Q

Clean shadowing is the result of sound _____

A

attentuation ( bone/calcification)

attenuation means reduction

28
Q

Dirty shadowing is the result of sound _______.

A

reflection (gas)

29
Q

Acoustic shadowing on an ultrasound image is characterised by a signal void behind structures that strongly absorb or reflect ultrasonic waves.

A

….

30
Q

Enhancement is the opposite of shadowing. Instead of getting void of signal, get an INCREASE in signal behind the object!!

Example she shows is a fluid filled, anechoic cyst

A

…

31
Q

_______ containing structures attenuate sound much LESS than solid structures so that the strength of the sound pulse is GREATER after passing through the fluid (aka they have greater posterior enhancement if they are a fluid).

A

Fluid

32
Q

Interfaces deep to cystic structures produce stronger reflections and appear _____ than adjacent interfaces.

A

brighter

33
Q

Reverberation…. from what usually?

A

foreign bodies!

sharp edges of cyst/sharp walls of things

34
Q

When sound reflects off of strong acoustic interfaces near field (near surface), the returning pulse may be strong enough to reflect OFF THE TRANSDUCER ITSELF and back into the body so it can interact with the same near field interface multiple times!!!

aka it pings back and forth creating…..

A

REVERBERATION!

35
Q

Look at images to see kidney, etc.!

A

….

36
Q

Kidney should always be what when compared to liver?

A

Darker!

37
Q

Pancreas is usually what type of echo?

A

hyperechoic

fluffy structure!

38
Q

gallbladder is what type of echo?

A

anechoic

39
Q

when do you do kidney ultrasounds?

A

hydronephrosis!

40
Q

spleen sort of looks like liver but on other side won’t see portal triads! it is a solid bean shape.

A

….

41
Q

Ultrasound is very good for uterus/ovaries/testes… CT/MRI is not.

A

..

42
Q

Testes appear VERY homogenous with texture! use linear because it is superficial!

A

…

43
Q

Why use ultrasound gel?

A

Helps to block out air - shows up white on ultrasound!

Cellular Week 2 (9 decks)

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