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Primary Care Rotation > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Maternally derived antibodies last how long in cats and dogs?

A

~16wks

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2
Q

Earliest to start vaccines in cats/dogs?

A

6-8wks

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3
Q

Earliest to administer Rabies

A

12-16wks

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4
Q

Earliest to administer FeLV

A

8-12 wks

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5
Q

Earliest to administer Lepto/Lyme/Influenza

A

12wks

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6
Q

How often to booster vaccines?

A

3-4 wks

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7
Q

If wait longer than 6wks to booster vaccines

A

won’t get appropriate secondary immune response

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8
Q

First annual boosters should include

A

EVERYTHING

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9
Q

Typical 3 year vaccine schedule

A

canine rabies, DA2pp, frcp

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10
Q

Typical 1 year vaccine schedule

A

lepto, lyme non adjuvanted rabies vaccine

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11
Q

How often to administer bordetella vaccines?

A

6m, 1 yr

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12
Q

Reason to vaccine failures

A
  1. maternal antibodies
  2. acute disease state
  3. stressors
  4. Administration Errors
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13
Q

Mild adverse vaccine reactions

A

mild general malaise and pain around injection site

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14
Q

Severe adverse vaccine reactions

A

anaphylaxis or sarcoma

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15
Q

T. 1 Hypersensitivity reaction

A

anaphylaxis
mediated by IgE & antigen
Tx: Antihistamines +/- glucocorticoids +/- epinephrine

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16
Q

T.2 Hypersensitivity reaction

A

Mediated by IgM & IgG
Autoimmune resulting in ab +/- complement
Ex: IMHA, IMTP

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17
Q

T. 3 Hypersentitivity reaction

A

Mediated by IgM & IgG
Serum sickness
Ex: anterior uveitis

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18
Q

T. 4 Hypersensitivity reaction

A

cell-mediated immune response only; delayed reaction

Ex: granuloma formation, cutaneous vasculitis

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19
Q

Risk factors for adverse vaccine reactions

A
  1. total number of vaccines administered during a single visit
  2. bacterial or spirochete vaccines
  3. patient–breed, wt, age
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20
Q

Examples of noninfectious vaccines

A

rabies, canine influenza, coronavirus, whole killed cell bacterins, western diamondback rattlesnake avenomous vaccine

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21
Q

Safest kind of vaccine?

A

Noninfectious vaccines– considered the safest because they cannot revert to virulence and cannot cause disease

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22
Q

Noninfectious vaccines require how many doses and why?

A

2, first dose primes the immune response and second dose provides protective immune response

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23
Q

Examples of Infectious Vaccines

A

Distemper, parvovirus, adenovirus-2, parainfluenza

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24
Q

Infectious vaccines require how many doses and why?

A

1 at 14-16wks; one dose will prime, immunize and boost the immune response– if MDA does not interfere

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25
Q

Canine Distemper Virus

A

SS enveloped RNA virus
quickly inactivates in environment
survives longer in cooler temps

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26
Q

Canine Distemper Virus Transmission

A

direct contact or exposure to infectious secretions/excretions (resp and urine)
**Inc susceptiblity 3-6m old

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27
Q

CDV pathogenesis

A

enters via oral nasal route, replicates in lymphoid tissue, shedding begins at time of epithelial colonization, occurs from all body secretions, shedding at 60-90 days

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28
Q

CDV infection and severity vary on

A

viral virulence, age of animal and immune status

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29
Q

CDV strong immune response

A

virus is cleared & animal completely recovers

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30
Q

CDV weak immune response

A

virus able to reach epithelial tissue and CNS initial clinical signs disappear or may be mild, but virus persists in system (lungs, skin, CNS)

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31
Q

CDV No immune response

A

virus continuous to replicate and spread throughout the body– in CNS there is acute demyelinization and most dogs die in 2-4 wks after ifnection

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32
Q

Where can CDV be harbored in subclinical infections?

A

CNS

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33
Q

CDV acute signs

A

purulent bilateral serous oculonasal discharge
diarrhea
vomiting
dermal pustules
neuro signs: seizures, vestibular signs, paresis, myoclonus

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34
Q

CDV longterm signs

“Old dog encephalitis”

A

enamel hypoplasia
hyperkeratosis
CNS signs

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35
Q

CDV dx

A
  1. vaccine hx & C/S
  2. inclusion bodies on conjunctival, blood and urine
  3. virus neutralization– Gold Standard
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36
Q

Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV1)

A

Nonenveloped DNA virus (more resistance, more stable)

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37
Q

Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV1) transmission

A

animal to animal contact or indirectly through exposure to infectious saliva feces, urine or resp secretions fomites

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38
Q

Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV1) pathogenesis

A

enters via oral or nasal cavity, replicates in vascular endothelial cells, renal and hepatic parenchymal cells
incubation period: 4-6 d
shed in urine for 6-9 months after ifnection

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39
Q

Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV1) C/S

A
  1. fever, lethargy, inappetance
  2. vasculitis
  3. vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, icterus, DIC, coagulopathy
  4. Glomerulonephritis
  5. CNS & resp signs
  6. ocular lesions
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40
Q

Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV1) Dx

A
  1. based on C/S &/or no vaccines hx
  2. PCR on ocular secretions, feces or urine
  3. PM
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41
Q

Canine Parvovirus (CPV2)

A

Nonenveloped, ss DNA virus, very small

Highly resistant to inactivation, highly contagious, environmentally stable

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42
Q

Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) Transmission

A

Direct oral contact with contaminated feces or virus

indirect via fomites (including humans)

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43
Q

Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) Pathogenesis

A
  1. incubation 7-10 days
  2. viremia 1-5 d post infection
  3. virus replication occurs in rapidly dividing cells (intestinal crypt cells & myocardial cells & bone marrow)
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44
Q

Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) primarily affects which cells?

A

myocardium & GI epithelium

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45
Q

Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) causes what, if infected in utero or <8wk

A

Fading Puppy Syndrome

***crying, dyspnea, enteritis

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46
Q

Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) lives in GI epithelium causing

A

sloughing of villi leading to profuse vomiting, diarrhea and anorexia

47
Q

Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) Dx

A

Fecal ELISA – ag test

PCR– more costly

48
Q

Rabies Virus

A

ss, enveloped RNA
-extremely labile to UV light & heat
can remain viable in carcass for several days
routine disinfection & cleaning easily kills

49
Q

Rabies Virus Phases

A

Prodromal Stage, Furious, Paralytic

50
Q

Rabies Virus: what leads to hydrophobia?

A

paralysis of larynx

51
Q

Rabies Virus Dx

A
  • signs, vx hx
  • no pre-mortem test
  • immunofluorescence of neural tissue
52
Q

Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1)

A

Enveloped, double stranded DNA virus

Very fragile in environment; highly contagious

53
Q

Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1) Transmission

A

direct cat to cat via ocular, oral or nasal seretions, indirectly via fomites

54
Q

Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1) Pathogenesis

A
  1. Enters via oral or nasal cavity
  2. Replicates in teh nasal, nasopharyngeal tissues and tonsils
  3. Incubation period is 2-5 days
  4. acutely infected shed virus for 1-3 weeks
55
Q

Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1) Latent infection

A

in Trigeminal ganglia, with period recrudescence

56
Q

Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1) C/S

A

Mild to severe URD
ulcerative keratitis with dendritic ulcerations and corneal sequestrums
chroni crhinitis

57
Q

Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1) Dx

A

C/S

Definitive– virus isolation by ELISA and IF

58
Q

Calicivirus

A

Enveloped RNA virus

59
Q

Calicivirus Transmission

A

direct cat to cat via ocular oral or nasal secretions, indireclty via fomites

60
Q

Calicivirus Pathogenesis

A
  1. Enters via the oral or nasal cavity
  2. Incubation period 3-4d
  3. acutely infected shed virus for 2-4 wks
  4. carries are common and shed continuously, ilfelong carriers exist but not as common as herpes
61
Q

Calicivirus C/S

A

Oral ulcers most prominent feature
UR signs mild to more severe with conjunctivits and rhinitis
lameness and joint swelling
may be assoc with lymphoplasmocytic gingivitis

62
Q

Calicivirus Dx

A

C/S

Defintiive- virus islation and IF

63
Q

Feline Parvovirus–Panleukopenia

A

Nonenveloped, single stranded DNA virus, very small

64
Q

Feline Parvovirus–Panleukopenia Transmission

A

Direct contact with contaminated feces or virus
indirect via fomites
in utero

65
Q

Feline Parvovirus–Panleukopenia Pathogenesis

A
  1. incubation period 7-10 d
  2. Virus replication occurs rapidly in dividing cells (intestinal crypt cells and myocardial cells) and bone marrow
  3. Viral shedding lasts only 1-2 days, but can be as long as 6 wks
66
Q

Feline Parvovirus–Panleukopenia C/S if infected in-utero or <2 wks can cause

A

cerebellar hypoplasia

67
Q

Feline Parvovirus–Panleukopenia Peracute Form

A

Fading Kitten Syndrome

  • Sudden death– die w/in 12 hrs
  • Accounts for 25% of kitten mortality
68
Q

Feline Parvovirus–Panleukopenia Acute Form C/S

A

Enteritis, fever, depression, anorexia

Secondary effects such as dehydration and septicemia, DIC

69
Q

Feline Parvovirus–Panleukopenia Dx

A
  1. Hx/C/S– profound leukopneia
  2. Fecal ELISA– canine ag test
  3. PCR and titers– costly
70
Q

Which pathogens are included in the canine infectious tracheobronchitis vaccine?

A

parainfluenza
bordetella bronchiseptica
adenovirus T1 & 2

71
Q

Which pathogens are not included in the canine infectious tracheobronchitis vaccine?

A 
mycoplasmas
strep canis
influenza
resp coronavirus
herpesvirus
canine pneumovirus
72
Q

Which bacteria are missing a cell well and why is this significant?

A

Mycoplasma spp

**may antibiotics such as penicillins and beta lactams ineffective

73
Q

CAV2 and Parainfluenza Transmission

A

Oral route of infection

74
Q

CAV2 and Parainfluenza Pathogenesis

A

replicates and damages bronchial epithelial cells, can have extensive lung lesions w/o overt c/s– signs occur when it is complicated by other viral or bacterial pathogens

75
Q

BOrdetella bronchiseptica Pathogenesis

A

affects ciliated epithelium and once colonizaiton occurs, bordetella produces a variety of potent toxins among other things that imparis cilium

76
Q

Mycoplasma sp Pathogenesis

A

affects both cilianted and noniliated eptihlium and disturbs the upper and lower resp tract

77
Q

Mycoplasma sp causes

A

purulent bronchitis and bronchiolitis

78
Q

Viral infections are typically restricted to

A

Upper Respiratory Tract
**Causes edema in the larynx leading to honking cough then damage to teh tracheal epithelium that alows for secondary infections

79
Q

Canine Resp Dz complex C/S

A

honking cough, laryngitis, cough on tracheal palpation, +/- productive cough, retching
mucoid to mucopurulent discharge, rhinitis, bronchopneumonia

80
Q

Leptospira spp in dogs

A

L. Interrogans and L. kirschneri

81
Q

Leptospira is a

A

spirochete with hook-shaped end

82
Q

L. interrogans serovars of importance in USA

A 
icterohaemorrhagiae
canicola
pomona
bratislava
ballum
83
Q

L. kirschneri serovars of importance

A

grippotyphosa

84
Q

What inactivates Leptospira?

A

freezing and UV radiation

85
Q

Where does lepto cause disease?

A

maintained in renal tubules of reseroivr host and excreted in urine

86
Q

Lepto reservoirs

A 
rodents (icterhemorrhagica)
mice
coons
possums
fox
skunks
cows
pigs
deer
horses
87
Q

Lepto transmission

A

direct or indirect contact with infected host, urine or body excretions
***Can penetrate INTACT mucous membranes

88
Q

Lepto C/S are commonly undiagnosed in canine’s because

A

many infections are asymptomatic

89
Q

Lepto C/S

A

renal or hepatic failure, uveitis, pulmonary hemorrhage, acute febrile illness or abortion, bleeding tendencies d/t vasculitis & direct vascular damage by spirohceses

90
Q

Lepto Dx Gold Standard

A

Leptospira Microscopic Agglutination Test (LMAT)
**needs to be performed during the acute stage of disease
OR PCR

91
Q

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

A

SSRNA, enveloped virus

92
Q

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Transmission

A

prolonged intimate contact
in utero
transfusions
milk

93
Q

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) susceptibility

A

kittens more susceptible, resistance increases with maturity but not absolute

94
Q

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) 3 outcomes of exposure

A

Effective Immune Response
Progressive Infection
Regressive infection

95
Q

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Profressive infection

A

Cat succumbs to dz with a few years, with 3 subgroups

i. clinical illness and viremia
ii. clinical illness, viremia & neoplasia
iii. nonregenerative anemia

96
Q

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Regressive infection

A

virus contained by still incorporated into hosts genome leads to latent infection

97
Q

Canine Parvo– Coronavirus causes

A

enteritis in generally very young neonates, highly contagious

98
Q

Canine Parvo– Coronavirus affects which cells?

A

small intestinal villus cells (parvo affects intestinal crypts)– bloody diarrhea not common

99
Q

Lyme disease is caused by

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

**corkscrew shaped bacterium of the spirochete group

100
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted by

A

bite of Ixodes species of ticks after prolonged feeding (>12h)

101
Q

Lyme disease–Borrelia burdorferi C/S

A

occur 2-5 months after tick exposure

**joint pain, lameness, fever, anorexia and lethargy

102
Q

Lyme disease–Borrelia burdorferi Dx

A
  1. ELISA– ab test; can tell there has been exposure, but not necessarily dz
  2. Western blot for confirmation
103
Q

Lyme disease–Borrelia burdorferi Vaccination

A

whole cell killed bacterin or recombinant OspA vaccine

104
Q

Rattlesnake vaccine intended to protect against

A

western diamondback ratlesnake

105
Q

Rattlesnake vaccine lasts for

A

6months

106
Q

Rattlesnake vaccine works

A

by generating antibodies against venom which neutralize the venom

107
Q

Rattlesnake vaccine is what kind of vaccine?

A

Toxoid– much like tetanus toxoid

108
Q

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

A

enveloped RNA virus

109
Q

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Transmission

A

bite wounds, kittens can acquire passive ab from FIV pos queen

110
Q

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) vaccine contains which clades?

A

A & D– challenge studies have been conflicting if these protect against other clades

111
Q

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Dx

A 
Ab test (cannot differentiate vx from natural infection)
Western blot is the confirmatory test
112
Q

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is triggered by

A

feline coronavirus

113
Q

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) vaccine is what kind of vaccine?

A

modified live virus

Primary Care Rotation (3 decks)

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