Vaccines Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Maternally derived antibodies last how long in cats and dogs?
A
~16wks
2
Q
Earliest to start vaccines in cats/dogs?
A
6-8wks
3
Q
Earliest to administer Rabies
A
12-16wks
4
Q
Earliest to administer FeLV
A
8-12 wks
5
Q
Earliest to administer Lepto/Lyme/Influenza
A
12wks
6
Q
How often to booster vaccines?
A
3-4 wks
7
Q
If wait longer than 6wks to booster vaccines
A
won’t get appropriate secondary immune response
8
Q
First annual boosters should include
A
EVERYTHING
9
Q
Typical 3 year vaccine schedule
A
canine rabies, DA2pp, frcp
10
Q
Typical 1 year vaccine schedule
A
lepto, lyme non adjuvanted rabies vaccine
11
Q
How often to administer bordetella vaccines?
A
6m, 1 yr
12
Q
Reason to vaccine failures
A
- maternal antibodies
- acute disease state
- stressors
- Administration Errors
13
Q
Mild adverse vaccine reactions
A
mild general malaise and pain around injection site
14
Q
Severe adverse vaccine reactions
A
anaphylaxis or sarcoma
15
Q
T. 1 Hypersensitivity reaction
A
anaphylaxis
mediated by IgE & antigen
Tx: Antihistamines +/- glucocorticoids +/- epinephrine
16
Q
T.2 Hypersensitivity reaction
A
Mediated by IgM & IgG
Autoimmune resulting in ab +/- complement
Ex: IMHA, IMTP
17
Q
T. 3 Hypersentitivity reaction
A
Mediated by IgM & IgG
Serum sickness
Ex: anterior uveitis
18
Q
T. 4 Hypersensitivity reaction
A
cell-mediated immune response only; delayed reaction
Ex: granuloma formation, cutaneous vasculitis
19
Q
Risk factors for adverse vaccine reactions
A
- total number of vaccines administered during a single visit
- bacterial or spirochete vaccines
- patient–breed, wt, age
20
Q
Examples of noninfectious vaccines
A
rabies, canine influenza, coronavirus, whole killed cell bacterins, western diamondback rattlesnake avenomous vaccine
21
Q
Safest kind of vaccine?
A
Noninfectious vaccines– considered the safest because they cannot revert to virulence and cannot cause disease
22
Q
Noninfectious vaccines require how many doses and why?
A
2, first dose primes the immune response and second dose provides protective immune response
23
Q
Examples of Infectious Vaccines
A
Distemper, parvovirus, adenovirus-2, parainfluenza
24
Q
Infectious vaccines require how many doses and why?
A
1 at 14-16wks; one dose will prime, immunize and boost the immune response– if MDA does not interfere
25
Canine Distemper Virus
SS enveloped RNA virus
quickly inactivates in environment
survives longer in cooler temps
26
Canine Distemper Virus Transmission
direct contact or exposure to infectious secretions/excretions (resp and urine)
**Inc susceptiblity 3-6m old
27
CDV pathogenesis
enters via oral nasal route, replicates in lymphoid tissue, shedding begins at time of epithelial colonization, occurs from all body secretions, shedding at 60-90 days
28
CDV infection and severity vary on
viral virulence, age of animal and immune status
29
CDV strong immune response
virus is cleared & animal completely recovers
30
CDV weak immune response
virus able to reach epithelial tissue and CNS initial clinical signs disappear or may be mild, but virus persists in system (lungs, skin, CNS)
31
CDV No immune response
virus continuous to replicate and spread throughout the body-- in CNS there is acute demyelinization and most dogs die in 2-4 wks after ifnection
32
Where can CDV be harbored in subclinical infections?
CNS
33
CDV acute signs
purulent bilateral serous oculonasal discharge
diarrhea
vomiting
dermal pustules
neuro signs: seizures, vestibular signs, paresis, myoclonus
34
CDV longterm signs
| "Old dog encephalitis"
enamel hypoplasia
hyperkeratosis
CNS signs
35
CDV dx
1. vaccine hx & C/S
2. inclusion bodies on conjunctival, blood and urine
3. virus neutralization-- Gold Standard
36
Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV1)
Nonenveloped DNA virus (more resistance, more stable)
37
Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV1) transmission
animal to animal contact or indirectly through exposure to infectious saliva feces, urine or resp secretions fomites
38
Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV1) pathogenesis
enters via oral or nasal cavity, replicates in vascular endothelial cells, renal and hepatic parenchymal cells
incubation period: 4-6 d
shed in urine for 6-9 months after ifnection
39
Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV1) C/S
1. fever, lethargy, inappetance
2. vasculitis
3. vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, icterus, DIC, coagulopathy
4. Glomerulonephritis
5. CNS & resp signs
6. ocular lesions
40
Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV1) Dx
1. based on C/S &/or no vaccines hx
2. PCR on ocular secretions, feces or urine
3. PM
41
Canine Parvovirus (CPV2)
Nonenveloped, ss DNA virus, very small
| Highly resistant to inactivation, highly contagious, environmentally stable
42
Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) Transmission
Direct oral contact with contaminated feces or virus
| indirect via fomites (including humans)
43
Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) Pathogenesis
1. incubation 7-10 days
2. viremia 1-5 d post infection
3. virus replication occurs in rapidly dividing cells (intestinal crypt cells & myocardial cells & bone marrow)
44
Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) primarily affects which cells?
myocardium & GI epithelium
45
Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) causes what, if infected in utero or <8wk
Fading Puppy Syndrome
| ***crying, dyspnea, enteritis
46
Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) lives in GI epithelium causing
sloughing of villi leading to profuse vomiting, diarrhea and anorexia
47
Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) Dx
Fecal ELISA -- ag test
| PCR-- more costly
48
Rabies Virus
ss, enveloped RNA
-extremely labile to UV light & heat
can remain viable in carcass for several days
routine disinfection & cleaning easily kills
49
Rabies Virus Phases
Prodromal Stage, Furious, Paralytic
50
Rabies Virus: what leads to hydrophobia?
paralysis of larynx
51
Rabies Virus Dx
- signs, vx hx
- no pre-mortem test
- immunofluorescence of neural tissue
52
Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1)
Enveloped, double stranded DNA virus
| Very fragile in environment; highly contagious
53
Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1) Transmission
direct cat to cat via ocular, oral or nasal seretions, indirectly via fomites
54
Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1) Pathogenesis
1. Enters via oral or nasal cavity
2. Replicates in teh nasal, nasopharyngeal tissues and tonsils
3. Incubation period is 2-5 days
4. acutely infected shed virus for 1-3 weeks
55
Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1) Latent infection
in Trigeminal ganglia, with period recrudescence
56
Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1) C/S
Mild to severe URD
ulcerative keratitis with dendritic ulcerations and corneal sequestrums
chroni crhinitis
57
Feline Herpes Virus-1 (FHV-1) Dx
C/S
| Definitive-- virus isolation by ELISA and IF
58
Calicivirus
Enveloped RNA virus
59
Calicivirus Transmission
direct cat to cat via ocular oral or nasal secretions, indireclty via fomites
60
Calicivirus Pathogenesis
1. Enters via the oral or nasal cavity
2. Incubation period 3-4d
3. acutely infected shed virus for 2-4 wks
4. carries are common and shed continuously, ilfelong carriers exist but not as common as herpes
61
Calicivirus C/S
Oral ulcers most prominent feature
UR signs mild to more severe with conjunctivits and rhinitis
lameness and joint swelling
may be assoc with lymphoplasmocytic gingivitis
62
Calicivirus Dx
C/S
| Defintiive- virus islation and IF
63
Feline Parvovirus--Panleukopenia
Nonenveloped, single stranded DNA virus, very small
64
Feline Parvovirus--Panleukopenia Transmission
Direct contact with contaminated feces or virus
indirect via fomites
in utero
65
Feline Parvovirus--Panleukopenia Pathogenesis
1. incubation period 7-10 d
2. Virus replication occurs rapidly in dividing cells (intestinal crypt cells and myocardial cells) and bone marrow
3. Viral shedding lasts only 1-2 days, but can be as long as 6 wks
66
Feline Parvovirus--Panleukopenia C/S if infected in-utero or <2 wks can cause
cerebellar hypoplasia
67
Feline Parvovirus--Panleukopenia Peracute Form
Fading Kitten Syndrome
- Sudden death-- die w/in 12 hrs
- Accounts for 25% of kitten mortality
68
Feline Parvovirus--Panleukopenia Acute Form C/S
Enteritis, fever, depression, anorexia
| Secondary effects such as dehydration and septicemia, DIC
69
Feline Parvovirus--Panleukopenia Dx
1. Hx/C/S-- profound leukopneia
2. Fecal ELISA-- canine ag test
3. PCR and titers-- costly
70
Which pathogens are included in the canine infectious tracheobronchitis vaccine?
parainfluenza
bordetella bronchiseptica
adenovirus T1 & 2
71
Which pathogens are not included in the canine infectious tracheobronchitis vaccine?
```
mycoplasmas
strep canis
influenza
resp coronavirus
herpesvirus
canine pneumovirus
```
72
Which bacteria are missing a cell well and why is this significant?
Mycoplasma spp
| **may antibiotics such as penicillins and beta lactams ineffective
73
CAV2 and Parainfluenza Transmission
Oral route of infection
74
CAV2 and Parainfluenza Pathogenesis
replicates and damages bronchial epithelial cells, can have extensive lung lesions w/o overt c/s-- signs occur when it is complicated by other viral or bacterial pathogens
75
BOrdetella bronchiseptica Pathogenesis
affects ciliated epithelium and once colonizaiton occurs, bordetella produces a variety of potent toxins among other things that imparis cilium
76
Mycoplasma sp Pathogenesis
affects both cilianted and noniliated eptihlium and disturbs the upper and lower resp tract
77
Mycoplasma sp causes
purulent bronchitis and bronchiolitis
78
Viral infections are typically restricted to
Upper Respiratory Tract
**Causes edema in the larynx leading to honking cough then damage to teh tracheal epithelium that alows for secondary infections
79
Canine Resp Dz complex C/S
honking cough, laryngitis, cough on tracheal palpation, +/- productive cough, retching
mucoid to mucopurulent discharge, rhinitis, bronchopneumonia
80
Leptospira spp in dogs
L. Interrogans and L. kirschneri
81
Leptospira is a
spirochete with hook-shaped end
82
L. interrogans serovars of importance in USA
```
icterohaemorrhagiae
canicola
pomona
bratislava
ballum
```
83
L. kirschneri serovars of importance
grippotyphosa
84
What inactivates Leptospira?
freezing and UV radiation
85
Where does lepto cause disease?
maintained in renal tubules of reseroivr host and excreted in urine
86
Lepto reservoirs
```
rodents (icterhemorrhagica)
mice
coons
possums
fox
skunks
cows
pigs
deer
horses
```
87
Lepto transmission
direct or indirect contact with infected host, urine or body excretions
***Can penetrate INTACT mucous membranes
88
Lepto C/S are commonly undiagnosed in canine's because
many infections are asymptomatic
89
Lepto C/S
renal or hepatic failure, uveitis, pulmonary hemorrhage, acute febrile illness or abortion, bleeding tendencies d/t vasculitis & direct vascular damage by spirohceses
90
Lepto Dx Gold Standard
Leptospira Microscopic Agglutination Test (LMAT)
**needs to be performed during the acute stage of disease
OR PCR
91
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
SSRNA, enveloped virus
92
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Transmission
prolonged intimate contact
in utero
transfusions
milk
93
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) susceptibility
kittens more susceptible, resistance increases with maturity but not absolute
94
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) 3 outcomes of exposure
Effective Immune Response
Progressive Infection
Regressive infection
95
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Profressive infection
Cat succumbs to dz with a few years, with 3 subgroups
i. clinical illness and viremia
ii. clinical illness, viremia & neoplasia
iii. nonregenerative anemia
96
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Regressive infection
virus contained by still incorporated into hosts genome leads to latent infection
97
Canine Parvo-- Coronavirus causes
enteritis in generally very young neonates, highly contagious
98
Canine Parvo-- Coronavirus affects which cells?
small intestinal villus cells (parvo affects intestinal crypts)-- bloody diarrhea not common
99
Lyme disease is caused by
Borrelia burgdorferi
| **corkscrew shaped bacterium of the spirochete group
100
Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted by
bite of Ixodes species of ticks after prolonged feeding (>12h)
101
Lyme disease--Borrelia burdorferi C/S
occur 2-5 months after tick exposure
| **joint pain, lameness, fever, anorexia and lethargy
102
Lyme disease--Borrelia burdorferi Dx
1. ELISA-- ab test; can tell there has been exposure, but not necessarily dz
2. Western blot for confirmation
103
Lyme disease--Borrelia burdorferi Vaccination
whole cell killed bacterin or recombinant OspA vaccine
104
Rattlesnake vaccine intended to protect against
western diamondback ratlesnake
105
Rattlesnake vaccine lasts for
6months
106
Rattlesnake vaccine works
by generating antibodies against venom which neutralize the venom
107
Rattlesnake vaccine is what kind of vaccine?
Toxoid-- much like tetanus toxoid
108
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
enveloped RNA virus
109
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Transmission
bite wounds, kittens can acquire passive ab from FIV pos queen
110
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) vaccine contains which clades?
A & D-- challenge studies have been conflicting if these protect against other clades
111
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Dx
```
Ab test (cannot differentiate vx from natural infection)
Western blot is the confirmatory test
```
112
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is triggered by
feline coronavirus
113
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) vaccine is what kind of vaccine?
modified live virus
