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Small Animal Medicine > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

Vaccine principles and protocols in cats and dogs

1
Q

Predisposing factors to getting an infection?

A 
Age
Health
Nutrition Status
Concurrent disease
Immunodeficiency
Immunosuppresive treatment
Stress
Agent pathogenicity
Exposure Dose
Geographic prevalence
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2
Q

6 Objectives of vaccinating

A
  1. Vax as many as possible who are AT RISK
  2. Vax each individual no more frequently than necessary
  3. Vax only against agents that individuals are at risk of exposure
  4. Only vax against agents that cause significant disease
  5. Vax only when benefits outweigh risks
  6. Vax to protect human/public health
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3
Q

Things to consider when developing vaccine protocol

A
  1. Life stage and Lifestyle
  2. Risk of exposure
  3. Underlying medical condition
  4. Breed
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4
Q

What do you put in medical record after giving vax?

A
  1. Sticker off of vaccine bottle
  2. Date given
  3. site/route of administration
  4. Sign name
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5
Q

What are noninfectious vaccines

A

These vaccines can not replicate in host

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6
Q

two categories of noninfectious vaccines

A
  1. inactivated (killed) viral

2. bacterial vaccine

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7
Q

What are infectious vaccines

A

Virus/bacteria that CAN replicate in host. They MUST infect host cells to immunize

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8
Q

two categories of infectious vaccines

A
  1. MLV

2. recombinant vaccines

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9
Q

what is sterile immunity

A

when a vaccinated animal has no risk of developing illness because the vaccine is highly immunogenic (e.g. parvo, CDV)

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10
Q

what is non-sterile immunity

A

when a vaccine decreases severity of a dz but does not prevent illness.

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11
Q

What is vaccine dosing based on? Does weight matter?

A

NOT based on weight!
Based on minimum immunizing dose (inactivated vax)
Based on minimum infectious dose (attenuated vax)

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12
Q

What are “non-responders?”

A

dogs that are genetically incapable of responding to an antigen, and remain susceptible. Often pure bred dogs.

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13
Q

3 reasons to vaccinate

A
  1. individual health
  2. herd immunity
  3. To decrease shedding
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14
Q

name 3 vaccine groups

A
  1. core/recommended
  2. non-core/optional
  3. not recommended
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15
Q

What are core vaccines

A

recommended for all patients
usually highly contagious disease
usually a disease that’s fatal or severe
the vaccine is SAFE and EFFECTIVE

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16
Q

What are non-core vaccines

A

given ONLY to patients at risk of exposure
vaccine is safe and effective
disease is more serious then vaccine side effects

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17
Q

Characteristics of vaccines that are not recommended

A

not effective
side effects worse than the disease
disease is not endemic to the area

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18
Q

NAME the canine core vaccines

A

Canine Distemper virus
Canine Adenovirus - 2
Parvovirus
Rabies

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19
Q

CDV affects which systems

how is it transmitted

A

respiratory, GI, neurologic

via aerosol or droplets from wildlife reservoirs

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20
Q

What age group does CDV affect, how severely?

A

young animals, causes death

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21
Q

CDV vaccine type(s)

A

Recombinant CDV vax - rCDV
MLV

rCDV provides immunity 2 wks earlier in face of MDA

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22
Q

Canine Adenovirus 2 signs and transmission

A

Kennel cough

via direct contact and fomites, from wildlife reservoirs

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23
Q

CAV-2 vax protects against?

A

CAV-1 (hepatitis) and CAV-2

CAV-1 vax causes blue-eye

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24
Q

how does parvo cause death

A

dehydration or endotoxemia

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25
Q

how is parvo transmitted, who’s most at risk

A

puppies at high risk
fecal-oral transmission
ubiquitous in environment

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26
Q

How to diagnose CPV

A

Snap parvo test

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27
Q

when do you vaccinate for rabies?

A

MUST be AFTER 12 weeks of age. Usually 16 wks.

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28
Q

Who decides how frequently rabies vax should be given

A

state, provincial, and/or local laws

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29
Q

how frequently do you vax for rabies

A

usually after 1 year and then every 3 years

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30
Q

what do you do if an animal is overdue for its 3 year vax

A

If overdue for booster, revaccinate with 1-year vaccine.

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31
Q

What happens if an animal bites someone (vaccinated vs non vaccinated vs overdue)

A

vaccinated: 45 day observation
overdue w/ proof: booster, observe 45 days
overdue no proof: treat like unvax, consider serology
never vaccinated: euth or 4 month quarantine and give rabies vax w/in 4 days

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32
Q

Non core vaccines

A 
Lyme
Leptospirosis
Bordatella
canine influenza
parainfluenza
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33
Q

Lepto transmission and disease it causes

A

spread in urine, bite wounds, ingestion of infected tissues

causes: acute renal failure, liver dz, icterus

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34
Q

what age group susceptible to lepto?

A

dogs older than 7 yrs

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35
Q

When do you give lepto vax

A

12 and 16 wks

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36
Q

Important to know about the lepto vaccine:

A

use the 4-serovar vaccine, it’s less likey to cause vaccine reaction

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37
Q

when/how to repeat Lepto vax

A

if the last vax was more than 18 months ago then repeat a series of 2 vaccines

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38
Q

Parainfluenza causes?

A

kennel cough

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39
Q

what route is parainfluenza vax?

A

Injectable recommended

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40
Q

Bordatella clinical signs and transmission

A

kennel cough - dry hacking cough

dog-dog contact or airborne

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41
Q

what dogs are at risk for bordatella infection

A

boarding, shows, grooming, brachycephalic breeds

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42
Q

bordatella vaccine route and duration?

A

injectable lasts 1 year

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43
Q

When can bordatella vaccine be given?

A

Injectable: as early as 3-4 wks

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44
Q

important consideration for bord vaccine?

A

Don’t give to patient on antibiotics, it’s a live vaccine, may result in no response following vax

45
Q

Canine influenza strain and transmission

A

H3N8

direct contact and fomite transmission

46
Q

Canine influenza signs

A

cough, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, fever

47
Q

what’s the new canine strain and what should u know aobut it

A

H3N2

H3N8 vax doesn’t protect against it-

48
Q

What dogs should be given the bivalent CIV vaccine?

A

dogs exposed to race tracks, shows, dogs traveling to hotspots

49
Q

When (time-wise) do you give CIV vaccine and how do you booster?

A

Give two doses to at risk dogs over 6 weeks old. Give 4 weeks before exposure. Give them 2 weeks apart. Booster annually.

50
Q

Lyme disease agent and transmission

A

Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete, transmitted by ixodes tick

51
Q

lyme disease clinical signs

A

fever, polyarthritis, renal disease, meningitis

52
Q

Why give lyme vaccine?

A

to at risk dogs (traveling to endemic areas)

53
Q

Best way to prevent lyme disease?

A

TICK CONTROL. more important than vax.

54
Q

Not recommended dog vaccines:

A

Corona and rattlesnake vaccine

55
Q

Corona transmission and disease

A

ubiquitous in enviro

causes mild self-limiting diseas

56
Q

Is corona recommended? why or why not?

A

Nope, it provides little immunity

57
Q

Rattle snake vaccine purpose, cons?

A

supposed to protect against venom
but lacks evidence
high rate of side effects

58
Q

Eruption times of upper incisors and canines?

A

upper middle incisors: 12-14 wks
2nd upper incisors: 14-16 wks
3rd upper incisors: 16-18 wks
upper canines: 20 wks, fully in by 24 wks

59
Q

DA2PP?

A

distemper, adenovirus-2, parvo, +/- parainfluenza

60
Q

when do u give DA2P?

A

8, 12, 16 wks

If HIGH RISK environment: final dose at 18-20 wks

61
Q

what vax do you give a dog that’s 1 year and 16 wks

A

assuming they got all their puppy vaccines:
DA2PP - 3 year vaccine
Rabies - 3 year vaccine
Lepto to at risk patients, give every year

62
Q

what vax to a dog 2 years and 16 wks (assume up to date)

A

Physical exam!

Lepto to at risk dogs

63
Q

When to give Bordatella? duration?

A

1-2 wks before exposure. Lasts 1 year.

64
Q

what dogs at risk for bord?

A

dogs going to boarding, grooming, shows, parks

65
Q

How to vaccinate dogs over 5 months receiving vax for the first time?

A

Give one dose of MLV Distemp, Adeno-2 and Parvo

66
Q

list the feline core vaccines

A

Panleukopenia virus
Rabies
Feiline Viral Rhinotracheitis (Herpes)
Calicivirus

67
Q

FVRV (herpes) signs

A

upper resp infection, conjunctivitis, keratitis

68
Q

FVRV transmission

A

mostly direct contact. Fomites can transmit.

69
Q

Calicivirus signs

A

upper resp. infection, oral ulcers esp. on tongue.

carrier exist

70
Q

Calicivirus transmission

A

mostly direct contact. Fomites can transmit.

71
Q

Calicivirus side effect?

A

limping kitten syndrome

72
Q

Panleukopenia signs

A

leukopenia, lethargy, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, sudden death, cerebellar hypoplasia

73
Q

panleuk transmission

A

ubiquitous, fecal-oral or fomites

newer parvo strains can cause it

74
Q

panleuk protection?

A

complete

75
Q

calici protection?

A

incomplete

76
Q

FVRV protection?

A

incomplete

77
Q

how to test for panleukopenia?

A

with parvo snap test

78
Q

list feline non core vaccines:

A

Feline Leukemia Virus
Feline Immunodeficiency virus
Bordatella
Chlamydia

79
Q

FeLV signs

A

immunosuppresion, neoplasm, anemia

80
Q

FeLV transmission

A

direct contact

kittens more susceptible

81
Q

FeLV protection?

A

doesn’t always induce protection

82
Q

How to test for FeLV?

A

Elisa antigen test

PCR for latent cats only

83
Q

FeLV vaccine type

A

recombinant, adjuvant free vaccine

84
Q

AAFP FeLV recommendations?

A

vaccinate all kittens
vaccinate cats that test negative
booster initial series 1 yr after last dose, then annually in high risk cats and every 2 years in low risk cats

85
Q

Feline immunodeficiency virus transmission

A

bite wounds

86
Q

FIV susceptible age group?

A

kittns and adults

87
Q

how to test FIV? what does a positive result mean?

A

antibody test
positive = infected, vaccinated, maternal antibody
if kitten is possitve, retest after MDA wanes
vaccinated cats shud be identified by tattoo or microchip

PCR not sensitive not specific

88
Q

when does MDA wane?

A

6 months

89
Q

Chlamydia felis pathogen and signs

A

bacteria that causes conjunctivitis

90
Q

chlamydia transmission

A

cat to cat contact

91
Q

chlamydia tx?

A

tetracycline/doxycycline

92
Q

cat Bordatella signs

A

upper resp signs

93
Q

cat bordatella transmission?

A

cat to cat/dog contact, infectious disharges

94
Q

when to vax for chlamydia?

A

multi-cat environment where Chalmydia’s been confirmed

95
Q

when to vax for Bord?

A

multicat house hold with confirmed Bord case,

or houses w/ positive dogs

96
Q

Feline not recommended?

A

FIP

97
Q

FIP pathogen

A

feline corona virus mutates, begins to replicate in macrophages

98
Q

FIP transmission

A

ubiquitous

99
Q

FIP protection?

A

no evidence it confers protection

100
Q

FVRCP?

A

Feline Viral rhinotracheitis, calici, panleuk

101
Q

fvrcp vaccine schedule? site?

A

8, 12, 16 wks. right front limb, DISTAL.

102
Q

FeLV vax, schedule? site?

A

to at risk cats: at 12 and 16 wks in left rear limb, DISTAL.

103
Q

when to give canary pox vaccine? site?

A

at 16 wks in right rear limb

104
Q

when to booster feline vaccines and why?

A

all given one year later and annually.

not 3 years because they are intranasal, last only one year. Intranasal to avoid injection site sarcomas.

105
Q

rabies vax site?

A

right rear, DISTAL.

106
Q

Adverse Vaccine reactions

A

minor: pain, lethargy, mild fever
major: fever causing hyporexia, vomiting, diarrhea, alopecia, rash/urticaria, facial edema

107
Q

severe vaccine reactions

A

fibrosarcoma, anaphylaxis, IMHA, polyarthritis, ischemic vasculitis (ear tips), nerve damage

108
Q

vaccine reaction treatment

A

treat symptoms!
For fever, vomiting, diarrhea, rash/urticaria, facial edema
give Dexmethasone
or diphenhydramine IV (antihistamine)

Small Animal Medicine (3 decks)

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