Vaccines Flashcards
Vaccine principles and protocols in cats and dogs
Predisposing factors to getting an infection?
Age Health Nutrition Status Concurrent disease Immunodeficiency Immunosuppresive treatment Stress Agent pathogenicity Exposure Dose Geographic prevalence
6 Objectives of vaccinating
- Vax as many as possible who are AT RISK
- Vax each individual no more frequently than necessary
- Vax only against agents that individuals are at risk of exposure
- Only vax against agents that cause significant disease
- Vax only when benefits outweigh risks
- Vax to protect human/public health
Things to consider when developing vaccine protocol
- Life stage and Lifestyle
- Risk of exposure
- Underlying medical condition
- Breed
What do you put in medical record after giving vax?
- Sticker off of vaccine bottle
- Date given
- site/route of administration
- Sign name
What are noninfectious vaccines
These vaccines can not replicate in host
two categories of noninfectious vaccines
- inactivated (killed) viral
2. bacterial vaccine
What are infectious vaccines
Virus/bacteria that CAN replicate in host. They MUST infect host cells to immunize
two categories of infectious vaccines
- MLV
2. recombinant vaccines
what is sterile immunity
when a vaccinated animal has no risk of developing illness because the vaccine is highly immunogenic (e.g. parvo, CDV)
what is non-sterile immunity
when a vaccine decreases severity of a dz but does not prevent illness.
What is vaccine dosing based on? Does weight matter?
NOT based on weight!
Based on minimum immunizing dose (inactivated vax)
Based on minimum infectious dose (attenuated vax)
What are “non-responders?”
dogs that are genetically incapable of responding to an antigen, and remain susceptible. Often pure bred dogs.
3 reasons to vaccinate
- individual health
- herd immunity
- To decrease shedding
name 3 vaccine groups
- core/recommended
- non-core/optional
- not recommended
What are core vaccines
recommended for all patients
usually highly contagious disease
usually a disease that’s fatal or severe
the vaccine is SAFE and EFFECTIVE
What are non-core vaccines
given ONLY to patients at risk of exposure
vaccine is safe and effective
disease is more serious then vaccine side effects
Characteristics of vaccines that are not recommended
not effective
side effects worse than the disease
disease is not endemic to the area
NAME the canine core vaccines
Canine Distemper virus
Canine Adenovirus - 2
Parvovirus
Rabies
CDV affects which systems
how is it transmitted
respiratory, GI, neurologic
via aerosol or droplets from wildlife reservoirs
What age group does CDV affect, how severely?
young animals, causes death
CDV vaccine type(s)
Recombinant CDV vax - rCDV
MLV
rCDV provides immunity 2 wks earlier in face of MDA
Canine Adenovirus 2 signs and transmission
Kennel cough
via direct contact and fomites, from wildlife reservoirs
CAV-2 vax protects against?
CAV-1 (hepatitis) and CAV-2
CAV-1 vax causes blue-eye
how does parvo cause death
dehydration or endotoxemia
how is parvo transmitted, who’s most at risk
puppies at high risk
fecal-oral transmission
ubiquitous in environment
How to diagnose CPV
Snap parvo test
when do you vaccinate for rabies?
MUST be AFTER 12 weeks of age. Usually 16 wks.
Who decides how frequently rabies vax should be given
state, provincial, and/or local laws
how frequently do you vax for rabies
usually after 1 year and then every 3 years
what do you do if an animal is overdue for its 3 year vax
If overdue for booster, revaccinate with 1-year vaccine.
What happens if an animal bites someone (vaccinated vs non vaccinated vs overdue)
vaccinated: 45 day observation
overdue w/ proof: booster, observe 45 days
overdue no proof: treat like unvax, consider serology
never vaccinated: euth or 4 month quarantine and give rabies vax w/in 4 days
Non core vaccines
Lyme Leptospirosis Bordatella canine influenza parainfluenza
Lepto transmission and disease it causes
spread in urine, bite wounds, ingestion of infected tissues
causes: acute renal failure, liver dz, icterus
what age group susceptible to lepto?
dogs older than 7 yrs
When do you give lepto vax
12 and 16 wks
Important to know about the lepto vaccine:
use the 4-serovar vaccine, it’s less likey to cause vaccine reaction
when/how to repeat Lepto vax
if the last vax was more than 18 months ago then repeat a series of 2 vaccines
Parainfluenza causes?
kennel cough
what route is parainfluenza vax?
Injectable recommended
Bordatella clinical signs and transmission
kennel cough - dry hacking cough
dog-dog contact or airborne
what dogs are at risk for bordatella infection
boarding, shows, grooming, brachycephalic breeds
bordatella vaccine route and duration?
injectable lasts 1 year
When can bordatella vaccine be given?
Injectable: as early as 3-4 wks
important consideration for bord vaccine?
Don’t give to patient on antibiotics, it’s a live vaccine, may result in no response following vax
Canine influenza strain and transmission
H3N8
direct contact and fomite transmission
Canine influenza signs
cough, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, fever
what’s the new canine strain and what should u know aobut it
H3N2
H3N8 vax doesn’t protect against it-
What dogs should be given the bivalent CIV vaccine?
dogs exposed to race tracks, shows, dogs traveling to hotspots
When (time-wise) do you give CIV vaccine and how do you booster?
Give two doses to at risk dogs over 6 weeks old. Give 4 weeks before exposure. Give them 2 weeks apart. Booster annually.
Lyme disease agent and transmission
Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete, transmitted by ixodes tick
lyme disease clinical signs
fever, polyarthritis, renal disease, meningitis
Why give lyme vaccine?
to at risk dogs (traveling to endemic areas)
Best way to prevent lyme disease?
TICK CONTROL. more important than vax.
Not recommended dog vaccines:
Corona and rattlesnake vaccine
Corona transmission and disease
ubiquitous in enviro
causes mild self-limiting diseas
Is corona recommended? why or why not?
Nope, it provides little immunity
Rattle snake vaccine purpose, cons?
supposed to protect against venom
but lacks evidence
high rate of side effects
Eruption times of upper incisors and canines?
upper middle incisors: 12-14 wks
2nd upper incisors: 14-16 wks
3rd upper incisors: 16-18 wks
upper canines: 20 wks, fully in by 24 wks
DA2PP?
distemper, adenovirus-2, parvo, +/- parainfluenza
when do u give DA2P?
8, 12, 16 wks
If HIGH RISK environment: final dose at 18-20 wks
what vax do you give a dog that’s 1 year and 16 wks
assuming they got all their puppy vaccines:
DA2PP - 3 year vaccine
Rabies - 3 year vaccine
Lepto to at risk patients, give every year
what vax to a dog 2 years and 16 wks (assume up to date)
Physical exam!
Lepto to at risk dogs
When to give Bordatella? duration?
1-2 wks before exposure. Lasts 1 year.
what dogs at risk for bord?
dogs going to boarding, grooming, shows, parks
How to vaccinate dogs over 5 months receiving vax for the first time?
Give one dose of MLV Distemp, Adeno-2 and Parvo
list the feline core vaccines
Panleukopenia virus
Rabies
Feiline Viral Rhinotracheitis (Herpes)
Calicivirus
FVRV (herpes) signs
upper resp infection, conjunctivitis, keratitis
FVRV transmission
mostly direct contact. Fomites can transmit.
Calicivirus signs
upper resp. infection, oral ulcers esp. on tongue.
carrier exist
Calicivirus transmission
mostly direct contact. Fomites can transmit.
Calicivirus side effect?
limping kitten syndrome
Panleukopenia signs
leukopenia, lethargy, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, sudden death, cerebellar hypoplasia
panleuk transmission
ubiquitous, fecal-oral or fomites
newer parvo strains can cause it
panleuk protection?
complete
calici protection?
incomplete
FVRV protection?
incomplete
how to test for panleukopenia?
with parvo snap test
list feline non core vaccines:
Feline Leukemia Virus
Feline Immunodeficiency virus
Bordatella
Chlamydia
FeLV signs
immunosuppresion, neoplasm, anemia
FeLV transmission
direct contact
kittens more susceptible
FeLV protection?
doesn’t always induce protection
How to test for FeLV?
Elisa antigen test
PCR for latent cats only
FeLV vaccine type
recombinant, adjuvant free vaccine
AAFP FeLV recommendations?
vaccinate all kittens
vaccinate cats that test negative
booster initial series 1 yr after last dose, then annually in high risk cats and every 2 years in low risk cats
Feline immunodeficiency virus transmission
bite wounds
FIV susceptible age group?
kittns and adults
how to test FIV? what does a positive result mean?
antibody test
positive = infected, vaccinated, maternal antibody
if kitten is possitve, retest after MDA wanes
vaccinated cats shud be identified by tattoo or microchip
PCR not sensitive not specific
when does MDA wane?
6 months
Chlamydia felis pathogen and signs
bacteria that causes conjunctivitis
chlamydia transmission
cat to cat contact
chlamydia tx?
tetracycline/doxycycline
cat Bordatella signs
upper resp signs
cat bordatella transmission?
cat to cat/dog contact, infectious disharges
when to vax for chlamydia?
multi-cat environment where Chalmydia’s been confirmed
when to vax for Bord?
multicat house hold with confirmed Bord case,
or houses w/ positive dogs
Feline not recommended?
FIP
FIP pathogen
feline corona virus mutates, begins to replicate in macrophages
FIP transmission
ubiquitous
FIP protection?
no evidence it confers protection
FVRCP?
Feline Viral rhinotracheitis, calici, panleuk
fvrcp vaccine schedule? site?
8, 12, 16 wks. right front limb, DISTAL.
FeLV vax, schedule? site?
to at risk cats: at 12 and 16 wks in left rear limb, DISTAL.
when to give canary pox vaccine? site?
at 16 wks in right rear limb
when to booster feline vaccines and why?
all given one year later and annually.
not 3 years because they are intranasal, last only one year. Intranasal to avoid injection site sarcomas.
rabies vax site?
right rear, DISTAL.
Adverse Vaccine reactions
minor: pain, lethargy, mild fever
major: fever causing hyporexia, vomiting, diarrhea, alopecia, rash/urticaria, facial edema
severe vaccine reactions
fibrosarcoma, anaphylaxis, IMHA, polyarthritis, ischemic vasculitis (ear tips), nerve damage
vaccine reaction treatment
treat symptoms!
For fever, vomiting, diarrhea, rash/urticaria, facial edema
give Dexmethasone
or diphenhydramine IV (antihistamine)
