Vaccines

Question 1

What is the main benefit of using vaccines compared to pharmaceuticals?

Answer 1

Cost effective

Question 2

What had its last natural case in 1997 and is now eradicated in the natural world?

Answer 2

Smallpox

Question 3

Name two things that can cause a reverse in the vaccine system?

Answer 3

Poor patient compliance, poor sanitation

Question 4

What three diseases have had a 100% decrease in incidence post vaccination?

Answer 4

1. Smallpox
2. Polio
3. Diptheria

Question 5

What two diseases have had a 99% decrease in incidence post vaccination?

Answer 5

1. Mumps

2. Rubella

Question 6

What disease caused the ‘iron lung’ to be common in the 1950’s and why was this lung necessary?

Answer 6

Poliomyelitits. The iron lung was necessary as diaphragm muscles were damaged causing paralysis and breathing difficulties.

Question 7

Poliomyelitits outbreaks were most common in which social group?

Answer 7

Children.

Question 8

Poliomyelitis most commonly caused paralysis of the diaphragm muscles. What other muscles could it paralyse?

Answer 8

Limbs.

Question 9

Why do vaccines still need to be developed?

Answer 9

As we are still being exposed to new threatening agents.

Question 10

Why is Ebola a hard organism to work on?

Answer 10

As it is contaminant level 4. Only 5 places in the UK can deal with this.

Question 11

What do Ebola and HIV have a substantial impact on?

Answer 11

The economy (human capital).

Question 12

What is the death rate of Ebola?

Answer 12

20-90%.

Question 13

Modern transport hubs mean we are never ___ away from a large population centre. This is a serious problem with disease outbreaks.

Answer 13

5 hours.

Question 14

Describe what is meant from Variolation.

Answer 14

Variolation involved inoculating people with the pus from Smallpox patience. This could provide immunity against smallpox but had a 20% fatality. It was hoped that only a mild case of the disease would be acquired.

Question 15

What two ancient populations were aware of gaining immunity after pre exposure?

Answer 15

Ancient Greeks (429 bc) and the Chinese (900 AD).

Question 16

Who based their ideas on Variolation?

Answer 16

Edward Jenner.

Question 17

What did Edward Jenner do?

Answer 17

Inoculated a young boy with pus from a cowpox lesion to prevent against smallpox. This provided a ‘mock infection’.

Question 18

Who developed the concept that microorganisms are a source of disease/ infection?

Answer 18

Robert Koch.

Question 19

Who developed Germ Theory?

Answer 19

Louis Pasteur.

Question 20

What did Louis Pasteur most famously develop a vaccine for?

Answer 20

Rabies.

Question 21

What is the main concept of germ theory?

Answer 21

Weakened pathogens are generated to artificially infect subjects.

Question 22

What is the definition of Active Immunisation?

Answer 22

The maniupaltion of the immune system to produce a persistant and protective response against the pathogen.

Question 23

What three things must Active Immunisation do?

Answer 23

1. Safely mimic a natural infection to trigger an immune response.
2. Mobiles the appropriate arms of the immune system.
3. Generate immunological memory.

Question 24

What cells are stimulated via active immunisation?

Answer 24

B and T lymphocytes.

Question 25

What is the definition of passive immunisation?

Answer 25

The transfer of preformed antibodies into circulation.

Question 26

What type of immunisation can be natural or artificial?

Answer 26

Passive.

Question 27

How does natural passive immunity occur?

Answer 27

Maternal antibodies transfer across the placenta to the developing foetus in the prenatal period.

Question 28

Name two diseases that are vaccinated via passive immunity?

Answer 28

1. Mumps | 2. Rubella

Question 29

The transfer of preformed antibodies can be used in vaccines. When else can this occur (2 occasions)?

Answer 29

1. Chemotherapy | 2. Treat those in an immunocompromised state

Question 30

Although the body can mount an immune response against toxins and venom via antibody production however this response is not substantial. Why?

Answer 30

As it takes too long.

Question 31

Preformed IgG is used as an anti venom/anti toxin. How is this usually obtained?

Answer 31

Horse serum.

Question 32

Sometimes toxins produced by microorganisms are lethal before the microorganism can be lethal itself. Name an example of this.

Answer 32

Botulinum toxin - 1.5ng/kg intravenously is lethal.

Question 33

What is the definition of a toxioid?

Answer 33

A chemically modified toxin from a pathogenic microorganism. This is no longer toxic but is still antigenic.

Question 34

Name three advantages of passive immunisation?

Answer 34

1. Quicker than a natural immune response. 2. Limits infection of highly virulent pathogens. 3. When no vaccine is available preformed antibodies can be the only cause of treatment.

Question 35

What are the three drawbacks of passive immunisation?

Answer 35

1. Does not activate immunological memory. 2. No long term protection. 3. Cross reactions can occur with antisera if from a different species.

Question 36

What three antibodies are used prophylatically to reduce the chance of establishing infection?

Answer 36

1. Hep 2. Measles 3. Rabies

Question 37

What is the main goal of active immunisation?

Answer 37

To remove the need of the primary exposure.

Question 38

Active immunsiation aims to remove the need for primary exposure. What two other things does it aim to do?

Answer 38

1. Induce immunological memory. | 2. Produce high affinity antibodies against the antigen.

Question 39

The importance of what type of response varies depending on the pathogen?

Answer 39

Memory response.

Question 40

What are four features of a perfect vaccine?

Answer 40

1. Long term protection 2. Stimulate B and T cells 3. Induce memory B and T cells 4. Stimulate protective IgG production.

Question 41

Why do you need boosters of the flu vaccine (2 main reasons)?

Answer 41

1. Annual 'escape variants. | 2. Need a high level of preformed IgG in circulation.

Question 42

What can sometimes be established before immunological memory is activated?

Answer 42

An infection.

Question 43

Why do you need high levels of IgG in circulation in order for a flu vaccine to work?

Answer 43

The AB physically blocks the influenza virus from infecting tissues.

Question 44

What is the first stage of any immunisation?

Answer 44

To activate the innate immune system. The second stage is to then trigger the adaptive which produces T and B memory cells.

Question 45

What two forms of whole organisms can be used as a vaccine?

Answer 45

Live attenuated and killed inactivated.

Question 46

Live attenuated viruses are good vaccines. Why?

Answer 46

They stimulate all features of an infection.

Question 47

What can killed/ inactivated vaccinations not do?

Answer 47

Replicate.

Question 48

How can you kill or inactivate a pathogen.

Answer 48

Heat or chemical treatments.

Question 49

Name four examples of subunit vaccines.

Answer 49

1. Toxids 2. Antigenic extracts 3. Recombinant proteins 4. Conjugate vaccines

Question 50

Other than whole organisms and subunit vaccines what else can be used as vaccines?

Answer 50

Peptides, DNA and Engineered viruses.

Question 51

What is an adjuvant?

Answer 51

A substance that is added to the vaccines to stimulate the immune response.

Question 52

Name two examples of adjuvants.

Answer 52

Aluminium salts and oil emulsions.