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Molecular Immunology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main benefit of using vaccines compared to pharmaceuticals?

A

Cost effective

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2
Q

What had its last natural case in 1997 and is now eradicated in the natural world?

A

Smallpox

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3
Q

Name two things that can cause a reverse in the vaccine system?

A

Poor patient compliance, poor sanitation

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4
Q

What three diseases have had a 100% decrease in incidence post vaccination?

A
  1. Smallpox
  2. Polio
  3. Diptheria
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5
Q

What two diseases have had a 99% decrease in incidence post vaccination?

A
  1. Mumps

2. Rubella

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6
Q

What disease caused the ‘iron lung’ to be common in the 1950’s and why was this lung necessary?

A

Poliomyelitits. The iron lung was necessary as diaphragm muscles were damaged causing paralysis and breathing difficulties.

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7
Q

Poliomyelitits outbreaks were most common in which social group?

A

Children.

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8
Q

Poliomyelitis most commonly caused paralysis of the diaphragm muscles. What other muscles could it paralyse?

A

Limbs.

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9
Q

Why do vaccines still need to be developed?

A

As we are still being exposed to new threatening agents.

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10
Q

Why is Ebola a hard organism to work on?

A

As it is contaminant level 4. Only 5 places in the UK can deal with this.

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11
Q

What do Ebola and HIV have a substantial impact on?

A

The economy (human capital).

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12
Q

What is the death rate of Ebola?

A

20-90%.

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13
Q

Modern transport hubs mean we are never ___ away from a large population centre. This is a serious problem with disease outbreaks.

A

5 hours.

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14
Q

Describe what is meant from Variolation.

A

Variolation involved inoculating people with the pus from Smallpox patience. This could provide immunity against smallpox but had a 20% fatality. It was hoped that only a mild case of the disease would be acquired.

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15
Q

What two ancient populations were aware of gaining immunity after pre exposure?

A

Ancient Greeks (429 bc) and the Chinese (900 AD).

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16
Q

Who based their ideas on Variolation?

A

Edward Jenner.

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17
Q

What did Edward Jenner do?

A

Inoculated a young boy with pus from a cowpox lesion to prevent against smallpox. This provided a ‘mock infection’.

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18
Q

Who developed the concept that microorganisms are a source of disease/ infection?

A

Robert Koch.

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19
Q

Who developed Germ Theory?

A

Louis Pasteur.

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20
Q

What did Louis Pasteur most famously develop a vaccine for?

A

Rabies.

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21
Q

What is the main concept of germ theory?

A

Weakened pathogens are generated to artificially infect subjects.

22
Q

What is the definition of Active Immunisation?

A

The maniupaltion of the immune system to produce a persistant and protective response against the pathogen.

23
Q

What three things must Active Immunisation do?

A
  1. Safely mimic a natural infection to trigger an immune response.
  2. Mobiles the appropriate arms of the immune system.
  3. Generate immunological memory.
24
Q

What cells are stimulated via active immunisation?

A

B and T lymphocytes.

25
Q

What is the definition of passive immunisation?

A

The transfer of preformed antibodies into circulation.

26
Q

What type of immunisation can be natural or artificial?

A

Passive.

27
Q

How does natural passive immunity occur?

A

Maternal antibodies transfer across the placenta to the developing foetus in the prenatal period.

28
Q

Name two diseases that are vaccinated via passive immunity?

A
  1. Mumps

2. Rubella

29
Q

The transfer of preformed antibodies can be used in vaccines. When else can this occur (2 occasions)?

A
  1. Chemotherapy

2. Treat those in an immunocompromised state

30
Q

Although the body can mount an immune response against toxins and venom via antibody production however this response is not substantial. Why?

A

As it takes too long.

31
Q

Preformed IgG is used as an anti venom/anti toxin. How is this usually obtained?

A

Horse serum.

32
Q

Sometimes toxins produced by microorganisms are lethal before the microorganism can be lethal itself. Name an example of this.

A

Botulinum toxin - 1.5ng/kg intravenously is lethal.

33
Q

What is the definition of a toxioid?

A

A chemically modified toxin from a pathogenic microorganism. This is no longer toxic but is still antigenic.

34
Q

Name three advantages of passive immunisation?

A
  1. Quicker than a natural immune response.
  2. Limits infection of highly virulent pathogens.
  3. When no vaccine is available preformed antibodies can be the only cause of treatment.
35
Q

What are the three drawbacks of passive immunisation?

A
  1. Does not activate immunological memory.
  2. No long term protection.
  3. Cross reactions can occur with antisera if from a different species.
36
Q

What three antibodies are used prophylatically to reduce the chance of establishing infection?

A
  1. Hep
  2. Measles
  3. Rabies
37
Q

What is the main goal of active immunisation?

A

To remove the need of the primary exposure.

38
Q

Active immunsiation aims to remove the need for primary exposure. What two other things does it aim to do?

A
  1. Induce immunological memory.

2. Produce high affinity antibodies against the antigen.

39
Q

The importance of what type of response varies depending on the pathogen?

A

Memory response.

40
Q

What are four features of a perfect vaccine?

A
  1. Long term protection
  2. Stimulate B and T cells
  3. Induce memory B and T cells
  4. Stimulate protective IgG production.
41
Q

Why do you need boosters of the flu vaccine (2 main reasons)?

A
  1. Annual ‘escape variants.

2. Need a high level of preformed IgG in circulation.

42
Q

What can sometimes be established before immunological memory is activated?

A

An infection.

43
Q

Why do you need high levels of IgG in circulation in order for a flu vaccine to work?

A

The AB physically blocks the influenza virus from infecting tissues.

44
Q

What is the first stage of any immunisation?

A

To activate the innate immune system.

The second stage is to then trigger the adaptive which produces T and B memory cells.

45
Q

What two forms of whole organisms can be used as a vaccine?

A

Live attenuated and killed inactivated.

46
Q

Live attenuated viruses are good vaccines. Why?

A

They stimulate all features of an infection.

47
Q

What can killed/ inactivated vaccinations not do?

A

Replicate.

48
Q

How can you kill or inactivate a pathogen.

A

Heat or chemical treatments.

49
Q

Name four examples of subunit vaccines.

A
  1. Toxids
  2. Antigenic extracts
  3. Recombinant proteins
  4. Conjugate vaccines
50
Q

Other than whole organisms and subunit vaccines what else can be used as vaccines?

A

Peptides, DNA and Engineered viruses.

51
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

A substance that is added to the vaccines to stimulate the immune response.

52
Q

Name two examples of adjuvants.

A

Aluminium salts and oil emulsions.

Molecular Immunology (9 decks)

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